rise of the monarchies
france
capetian kings — family of kings
→ hugh capet — was the start of the capetian kings
louis vi (louis the fat) — first to increase the power of monarchy by removing disloyal nobles & putting loyal peasants in their place
→ won the loyalty of the townspeople
king philip ii — made paris the center of government
→ increased the size of the french kingdom
recaptured lands from the english
louis ix (st. louis) — grandson of king philip ii
→ helped unite the french people
forbade duals which were formally used to settle disputes
philip iv — grandson of louis ix
→ made sure taxes were regularly collected
marked the beginning of a national government in france
england
edward the confessor — constructed a new cathedral where all english monarchs were crowned
→ harold godwinson — named edward’s successor when he was on his deathbed instead of edgar the ætheling
edgar the ætheling — the legitimate heir of edward the confessor
witenagemot — assembly of the elite who advised the king
→ recognized harold as king
willam the conqueror — fought and defeated harold with his norman army
→ battle of hastings — battle between william the conqueror and harold godwinson
henry ii — developed a legal system
→ helped establish english common law
→ all important cases in england were decided by juries by 1250
lived in france during most of his reign
two sons of henry ii
richard “the lionhearted“— spent his time fighting saladin & the muslims in the 3rd crusade or fighting philip ii of france
after he died, philip ii continued to fight his brother
king john of england — tried to raise money to fight philip ii by unfairly taxing his citizens
citizens forced him to write the magna carta
magna carta — stated that all men shall be tried by a jury of their peers
→ returned power to the people
the 100 years war — royal families from england & france were both vying for the french throne
jeanne d’arc (joan of arc) — posed as a man to help free the city of orleans
germany
otto i — maintained his power through close ties with the church
→ thought of himself as the successor to charlemagne
lost power when henry iv & pope gregory had a falling out
frederick i (frederick barbarossa) — called his empire the holy roman empire
→ his territory eventually divided because he set out on the 3rd crusade with richard the lionheart of england & philip ii
he drowned in the saleph river on the march to the holy land
habsburg dynasty — the holy roman empire gained control of flanders
→ brought other countries their control through marriage
spain
moors — conquered spain in 711
→ prince ferdinand of aragon & princess isabella of castille were the most powerful
prince ferdinand of aragon — married princess isabella of castille
→ basis for the unification of spain
corregidores — royal officials who governed towns
→ believed the spaniards must be catholic & killed thousands of jews unless the converted
→ forced moors to convert / flee to africa
spanish inquisition — ferdinand & isabella tortured thousands charged with heresy & with other beliefs
→ united catholic monarchy — this weakened spain because many moors & jews were important
paid for christopher columbus’ voyage