EXAM 2

  • how to read an article

  • info from the videos

  • developmental milestones

  • phonological processes

  • theories

  • predictors of speech delays/disorders (all of the disorders_1)

  • phonological vs apraxia vs dysarthria

  • implications for treatment/best practices

  • planning vs programming

Linguistic Models vs Psycholinguistic Models

  • Linguistic Models

    • focus on describing the development of speech systems

  • Psycholinguistic Models

    • focus on explaining the development of speech systems through cognitive processes

Linguistic Models

  • Behaviorism

    • B.F Skinner

    • reinforcement, operant conditioning, association, stimulus-response

    • only focuses on what is observable & measurable

      • “it’s not that cognitive mechanisms dont exist, it’s just that they are irrelevant”

  • Generativist Phonology

    • Noam Chomsky

    • linguistic representations are innate & universal

    • “deep" rules” are hardwired into the human brain

      • does not explain disordered speech

  • Natural Phonology

    • Stamp & Ingram

    • small number of patterns/constraints

    • kids have adult-like phonological representation but are unable to produce speech sounds accurately due to normal developmental processes

      • known as phonological processes (normal)

        • weak syllable deletion, fronting, etc

  • Non-Linear Phonology

    • Bernhardt & Colleagues

    • speech sounds are embedded in linguistic contexts

    • phonemes are low on the linguistic hierarchy

      • child is able to produce a phoneme but not in all contexts

Psycholinguistic Models

  • Goal 1

    • to capture the key components of the speech processing system and make explicit the relationships among those components

  • Goal 2:

    • to generate hypotheses about the psychological processes or components that may be impaired in those with disorders

  • key components

    • perception

    • storage

    • planning ~

    • production ~ brain has to tell you to move your articulators

Finding An Article

  • How is this study motivated

    • what are the main research questions/hypothesis (usually in the last paragraph before methods)

    • how do the authors indicate that their topic is important (do many people care about it) does it affect health/development? Is the topic better for some reason? is this the first such experiment?

    • what key background studies/articles/books are important for understanding this research? mark/highlight/list the studies and summarize why they are important in a sentence or two -

    • does the study establish basic facts?

    • does the study establish accepted methodologies

    • does the article lay out the prevailing (or competing) theory

    • what gap is identified by the authors that they are addressing with this study

    • how will the authors fill the gap