Nails vs. Claws and Primate Identification

Nails Versus Claws and Primate Identification

Nails vs. Claws: Galago Example

  • Needle-clawed galago of Africa: An example differentiating nail versus claw.

Primate Identification Practice

  • The instructor emphasizes a multiple-part choice question format, indicating the potential for answers to be either/or or location-based (e.g., a map with a star).

Lophosibus (Crested Mangabe)

  • The student has been provided information previously, including two days prior to practice.

Haparadstrepsiride Identification

  • Location: Africa
  • Characteristics:
    • Specified dentition
    • Dental adaptations
    • Examples discussed: mandrills, drills, baboons, and mangabe.
  • Crested mangabe from Africa (resembles "the Grinch").

Strepsirhine vs. Haplorhine

  • Haplorhine: Asia (no examples discussed yet)

Neotropical Primates

  • Neotropics: Bare-ear marmoset vs. tufted-ear marmosets.

MRSA (Dwarf Lemur)

  • Giant mouse lemur: A type of lemur.

Probithecus

  • Lemur from Madagascar.
  • Examples:
    • Indri (Genus: Indri)
    • Shippucca
    • Zubu Mafoo

Common Name, Genus, and Location Exercise: Bamboo Lemur

  • Location: Madagascar
  • Genus: Hapalemur or Prolemur (giant bamboo lemur)

Adrill

  • Genus: Mandrillus
  • Location: Africa

Baboon

  • Genus: Papio
  • Location: Africa

Howler Monkey

  • Genus: Alouatta
  • Location: Neotropics

White-lidded Mangabe

  • Genus: Cercocebus
  • Location: Africa

Slow Loris

  • Genus: Nycticebus
  • Location: Asia, Southeast Asia

Slender Loris

  • Genus: Loris
  • Location: South Asia, India

Tufted Capuchin

  • Location: Neotropics
  • Genera:
    • Cebus
    • Sapajus
  • Characteristics: Large brain, complex behavior, tool use, throwers, screen creators.

Purple Monkeys and Macaques

  • Focus on purple monkeys, excluding macaques (Asian monkeys).

Baboons

  • Several species, including Papio hamadryas.
  • Other species mentioned: chakma, guinea, candas, yellow, and olive baboons.

Papio hamadryas and Geladas

  • Coexistence in a small region of Northeastern Africa presents an interesting study of ecological influences on behavior.
    It is not important to know the different species

Papio hamadryas Characteristics

  • Habitat: Ethiopian scrublands and highlands.
  • Social Structure: Peril groups within large clan groups (50-200 animals).
  • Harem structure: Single male with harem within larger band.
  • Males are twice as big as females; showy with a "mane".
  • Males may be brothers to tolerate proximity.
  • High levels of social stress and violence.

Dimorphism vs. Dichromatism

  • Dimorphism is used to cover differences in shape and color; dichromatism refers primarily to color differences.

Behavior of Papio hamadryas

  • Environment: Dry, scrubby with poor food resources.
  • Troop size: 100-400 monkeys.
  • Constant social upset; males seek opportunities to steal females.
  • Tough life for females.

Geladas (Theropithecus gelada)

  • Habitat: Highlands, grassy plateaus, and rocky escarpments.
  • They are the largest terrestrial primate of the monkeys.
  • Diet: grass
  • Fully terrestrial: arboreal
  • Sexual dimorphism: Males larger with decorative features.
  • Quadrupedal: shuffle gate for foraging.
  • Social Structure: Multilevel harems with bachelor groups within larger units (up to 300-400 individuals).
  • Characteristics: Upside-down heart-shaped red skin patch on chest (glandular space indicating health).
  • Communication: Eye communication, lip flip (displaying teeth).
  • Foraging: Groundivore, grass eaters - scooting posture while foraging.
  • Comparison: Children in Papua New Guinea scoot similarly due to terrain.

Gelada Diet and Environment

  • High-altitude Ethiopia with cloud cover providing humidity for grass growth.
  • No trees, scrub, fruits, or seeds available.
  • The grass is small with breaking through being enough for them to get what they need.
  • Geladas eat the grass tumor root for sustenance.
  • They communicate constantly.

Social Dynamics of Geladas

  • Females stay in natal group and maintain female hierarchies.
  • Non-seasonal breeders with external signs of estrus (swelling, bright chest patch).
  • constant vocalizations
  • Males do bipedal stance to get a better view of surroundings.
    Lifting of brows, lowering of brows and firming of eyelids serve as communication methods.

Remnivorous Diet & Dexterity

  • Remnivorous are grass eaters, grass and grass seed and tuber.
  • They have extremely dextrous first and second digit dexterity for pulling grass.

Gelada Communication and Machiavellian Intelligence

  • Geladas are known for their chattiness and complex vocalizations used to diffuse tension.
  • Machiavellian intelligence is using the brain to control societies.
  • Females use flirting to test the boundaries of the harem master.
  • Babies act as living flak jackets to avoid aggression.

Infanticide

Babies are often a safety pass to avoid physical assault.

  • Females experience lactational amenorrhea after giving birth where they are not receptive to other males

  • Male strategy is to kill unweaned babies to get females to going back on the cycle of being sexually receptive again.

  • Infanticide occurs because there is opportunity to get access and depose those alpha males.
    *
    Alpha males have direct assault.

Papio hamadryas vs. Gelada Social Structures

  • Papio hamadryas
    • Male bonded groups; females disperse.
    • If the male disappears, the females go into disarray.
    • Males keep them together by making them choose him over everyone else.
    • Aggressively keep the other males away from females.
    • Competition between the males is less cooperation from females.
    • It helps to have a male there to prevent infanticide.
  • Geladas
    • Female bonded; males move around.
    • Family of females invest in taking care of one another.
    • Females go out and get a new male they like.
    • Females have a lot of power.
    • The females choose, and if the male fails to perform, they will be replaced.
      Social system is a haren: They just have very different systems.

Habitat Influence and Bluff

  • Habitat dictates the interactions.
  • Aggression is bluff: To avoid potentially deadly infection, screaming, fighting, etc, serves as a way to demonstrate aggression instead of following through with it.

Large Sarcopithecine Monkeys

  • The instructor describes them. ("the big ones")
  • Papionans, cercocebus, lohocebus, rhombocebus
  • This is what the Mangabe

*What about *Papio*,
*What about Theropithecus,*
*What about *Mandrillus,
Large sexual dimorphism

  • long snouty faces
  • terrestrial, quadrupedal
  • omnivorous
  • female social bonds apart from drives

Smaller Monkeys ("the delicate ones")

3-9kilos
some sexuality dimorphism and none in others
they have flatter faces
forest dwellers
arboreal quarters
probumbers
insectivorous, etc.,
antagonist interactions
What are the smaller delicate monkeys? These are:
Guenons, Paddock monkeys, Talcoins, and Birds.

Guenons

Alocrisibus, circuelopithecus, and eleopithecus.
Broad distribution across Africa.
Very beautiful general, small.
cercopithecus are more arboreal and Alocebus are more terrestrial.
Found in swamp areas so they are good swimmers..
Omnivorous diets.
live in a single male or multi male group individuals.
female phylophatric tree.
bachelor groups pop into mating season.
Females defend territories.

Species of Geunans

*Glenans, Cervicicus, Diana monkeys, mono moneys.
*Blue in color commonly.
Guenons are constantly chatty and use complicate vocalizations to communicate. They will say names and even sentence like speech.
Make different calss as contact with other group.Make aerial predator and terrestrial predator.Make Alarm Calls. learn each other's voices and communications.
What do they use to define territories? males use boom calls to define territories.
Body postures and gestures - all types - used to communicate including open mouth yawning, covered teeth yawning, head bobbing, all kinds of stuff.
Guenans are sympatric and maintain species separate through phenotypic expressions. So they are able to stay together due to the way they communicate and by what they know and recognize.

Lesula Monkey

Two recently discovered lemons, the Lesula monkey and the sun tailed monkey. looks as if they are medieval religious pieces.Typically this can mean if the species that disappear are gone from Earth. This is that it was at slow numbers and wasn't there for long.*Recently classified.
What is alloprocevus in general.
Makes them look like a manga bee.

Traits

What traits do Drills, mandrills and etc share?
What? They have all the same alarm calls for different predators.

Debrazzus Monkey.

bigger with more sexual dimorphism.
Prefer flooded forests. They're swimy.They live in mated pairs and very small groups. and dont live in other blends ever.

Allens swamp monkey

really unique swimmer with web feet and toes.
fishers
what about an Asian monkey?

Myopethis

talapoints, are tiny little guys.
dwarfism- may of been bigger and got smaller at a time to compete with others.
live in really large groups.
suspended sex groups
nor hierarchical, unlike the group of monkeys.

Pattus monkeys

super fast runner
open country primates.
not that vocal
live in systems.
When do they choose to give birth? They choose to give birth during the right season where all the need resources are available. what do the new little babies look like? different colored black colored hair to be easy recognized in large groups.

Florasebbus