AP United States History: Exhaustive Review Guide (Periods 1-9)

Period 1 Review ($1491 \text{--} 1607$ )

• Important Events and Dates     * Europeans Discover the New World: $1492$     * Establishment of the Encomienda System: $1512$     * Conquest of the Aztecs by Hernando Cortés: $1519$     * Rise of the Atlantic Slave Trade: $1520s$     * Bartolomé de Las Casas writes the "Black Legend": $1550$     * Tobacco arrives in Europe: $1555$     * Establishment of the "Lost" Roanoke Colony: $1585$     * Francis Drake attacks St. Augustine: $1586$     * Establishment of the Virginia Colony (Jamestown): $1607$

• Major Themes of Period 1     * Contact: Interaction between European powers and sophisticated Pre-Columbian civilizations.     * Commerce: The economic drive for material wealth in the New World.     * Social Stratification: The emergence of rigid social hierarchies in colonized areas.     * The Columbian Exchange: The massive transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and the New World.         * Impact: Caused a population explosion in Europe due to new food sources but resulted in the destruction of Native American populations due to disease.     * Competing Philosophies: Protestantism vs. Catholicism; Slavery vs. Non-slavery configurations.

• Specific Factual Information (SFI)     * Three Sisters: The agricultural triad of Corn, Beans, and Squash that sustained many Native civilizations.     * Spanish Influence: Introduction of the horse, which revolutionized Plains Indian culture and bison hunting.     * Regional Tribes:         * Eastern Woodland Tribes.         * Northwest Indians.         * Pueblo Indians.     * Spanish Caste System Hierarchy:         1. Peninsulares: Iberian (Spanish) Aristocrats and plantation owners.         2. Criollos (Creoles): Descendants of Peninsulares; land owners with few slaves.         3. Mestizos: Individuals of mixed Caucasian and Indian descent.         4. Mulattoes: Individuals of mixed Caucasian and African descent.         5. Native American Indians.         6. African Slaves.     * Labor Systems: The Encomienda System was a form of native enslavement for mining and plantation agriculture under the guise of conversion to Catholicism.

• Intercultural Interactions and Misunderstandings     * Land Ownership: Native Americans viewed land as communal or temporary; when they "sold" land (e.g., Manhattan to the Dutch), they did not view the transaction as permanent, unlike the Europeans.     * Gender Roles: Native American women often farmed while men hunted; Europeans were appalled by this division of labor.     * Warfare: Plains Indians fought by "counting coup" (touching an enemy to show bravery), while Europeans fought to kill.     * Religious Conversion: The Spanish used force to assimilate Natives into Catholicism; French Jesuits lived among Natives to convert them more gently.

Period 2 Review ($1607 \text{--} 1754$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Founding of Jamestown: $1607$     * Introduction of African Slavery to Virginia: $1619$     * Pilgrims land at Plymouth (Mayflower): $1620$     * Founding of New Amsterdam: $1624$     * Founding of Rhode Island: $1630s$     * Maryland Act of Toleration: $1649$     * King Phillip’s War: $1675$     * Bacon’s Rebellion: $1676$     * Pueblo Revolt (Pope’s Rebellion): $1680$     * Salem Witch Hysteria: $1692$

• Imperial Goals and Colonial Characteristics     * England: Focused on the Atlantic Coast; goals included religious freedom (New England) and economic gain through tobacco (Chesapeake).     * Spain: Focused on California and the Southwest.     * France: Focused on Louisiana and Canada; emphasized the fur trade (Coeur de Bois) and intermarriage with Natives.

• Regional Differences in British Colonies     * New England (MA): Puritans, theocracy, religious schooling, shipbuilding, and trading. Focused on the "City upon a Hill" ideal (John Winthrop).     * Chesapeake (VA/MD): Focused on Tobacco, the Planter Class, and initially Indentured Servitude before transitioning to race-based slavery.     * Middle Colonies (PA/NY): Religious tolerance, Quakers (William Penn), friendly Indian relations, and diverse populations.     * Southern Colonies (SC/GA): Heavy reliance on slavery to produce Rice, Indigo, and later Cotton.

• Labor and Social Hardship     * Headright System ($1617$): Offered $50\,\text{acres}$ of land to anyone paying their own passage, or to planters paying for others, encouraging the use of indentured servants.     * The Middle Passage: The brutal trans-Atlantic journey for enslaved Africans.     * Slave Laws:         * $1662$: Status of the child follows the mother.         * $1669$: Murder of a slave by an owner is not punishable by law.         * $1705$: Virginia defined all Africans as slaves by definition.

• Ideology and Rebellion     * The First Great Awakening: Religious revivalists like Jonathan Edwards ("Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God") and George Whitefield emphasized individual salvation and emotion.     * The Enlightenment: Movement emphasizing reason and natural rights (Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Ben Franklin).     * Bacon's Rebellion ($1676$): Led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor William Berkeley; shifted the preferred labor force from indentured servants to enslaved Africans.

Period 3 Review ($1754 \text{--} 1800$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Seven Years' War ends/Proclamation Line: $1763$     * Stamp Act: $1765$     * Boston Massacre: $1770$     * Boston Tea Party: $1773$     * Declaration of Independence: $1776$     * Articles of Confederation: $1777$     * Treaty of Paris (Ending Revolution): $1783$     * Northwest Ordinance: $1787$     * Constitution Ratified: $1788$     * Washington's Inauguration: $1789$     * Bill of Rights Adopted: $1791$     * Whiskey Rebellion: $1794$     * Election of Thomas Jefferson: $1800$

• The Road to Revolution     * British Actions: Sugar Act ($1764$), Quartering Act ($1765$), Stamp Act ($1765$), Declaratory Act ($1766$), Townshend Acts ($1767$), Coercive/Intolerable Acts ($1774$).     * Colonial Response: Stamp Act Congress, Sons of Liberty, Committees of Correspondence, First Continental Congress.     * Common Sense ($1776$): Thomas Paine's pamphlet arguing that monarchy was ridiculous and independence was "common sense."

• Nation Building and the Constitution     * Articles of Confederation Weaknesses: Weak national government, no power to tax, states held primary power.     * Constitutional Convention Plans:         * Virginia Plan vs. New Jersey Plan.         * Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise): Created a bicameral legislature.         * $\frac{3}{5}$ths Compromise: Counted enslaved people as $\frac{3}{5}$ of a person for representation and taxation.     * Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists: Debated the strength of the central government; led to the Bill of Rights.

• Federalist Era (Washington and Adams)     * Hamilton's Financial Plan: Assumption of state debts, excise tax on whiskey, protective tariffs, and the creation of a National Bank.     * Washington’s Precedents: Two-term limit, neutrality in foreign policy (Neutrality Proclamation), and the Cabinet.     * Alien and Sedition Acts ($1798$): Used by Adams to silence political opposition; led to the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (Nullification theory).     * Republican Motherhood: The idea that women should be educated so they could teach their sons to be good citizens in the new republic.

Period 4 Review ($1800 \text{--} 1848$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Louisiana Purchase: $1803$     * Marbury v. Madison: $1803$     * Embargo Act: $1807$     * War of $1812$: Ends with Treaty of Ghent ($1814$).     * Missouri Compromise: $1820$     * Monroe Doctrine: $1823$     * Election of Andrew Jackson: $1828$     * Texas Independence: $1836$     * Trail of Tears (Cherokee Removal): $1838$     * Seneca Falls Convention: $1848$

• The Marshall Court     * Marbury v. Madison ($1803$): Established Judicial Review.     * McCulloch v. Maryland ($1819$): Confirmed the constitutionality of the Bank of the U.S. and federal supremacy.     * Gibbons v. Ogden ($1824$): Federal control over interstate commerce.

• Jacksonian Democracy     * Characteristics: Expanded suffrage (loss of property qualifications), Spoils System, and the "common man" ideal.     * Conflicts: The Bank War (Veto of the Recharter), Nullification Crisis with John C. Calhoun (Tariff of Abominations), and Indian Removal (Worcester v. Georgia ignored).

• Expansion and the Market Revolution     * Inventions: Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney), Telegraph (Morse), Steamboat, Erie Canal.     * Missouri Compromise ($1820$): Maine entered as a free state, Missouri as a slave state; slavery banned above the $36^{\circ}30'$ parallel.     * Manifest Destiny: Growing belief that the U.S. was divinely ordained to expand to the Pacific.

• The Second Great Awakening and Reform     * Leaders: Charles Grandison Finney.     * Movements: Temperance, Education (Horace Mann), Asylums/Prisons (Dorothea Dix), Abolitionism (William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator, Frederick Douglass), and Women’s Rights (Elizabeth Cady Stanton - Seneca Falls).     * Utopian Communities: Brook Farm, Oneida.

Period 5 Review ($1844 \text{--} 1877$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Texas Annexation: $1845$     * Mexican-American War: $1846 \text{--} 1848$     * Compromise of $1850$     * Kansas-Nebraska Act: $1854$     * Dred Scott Decision: $1857$     * Election of Abraham Lincoln: $1860$     * Civil War: $1861 \text{--} 1865$     * Emancipation Proclamation: $1863$     * Reconstruction: $1865 \text{--} 1877$     * Compromise of $1877$: Ends Reconstruction.

• Manifest Destiny and the Road to Civil War     * Mexican-American War: Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; U.S. gained the Mexican Cession.     * Compromise of $1850$: California free state, popular sovereignty in territories, strict Fugitive Slave Law.     * Kansas-Nebraska Act ($1854$): Introduced by Stephen Douglas; led to "Bleeding Kansas" and the rise of the Republican Party.     * Dred Scott v. Sandford ($1857$): Ruled that slaves were property, not citizens, and that Congress could not ban slavery in territories.

• The Civil War     * North Advantages: Industrial capacity, larger population, superior navy, and railroad mileage.     * South Advantages: Fighting on home soil, more experienced military leaders (Robert E. Lee).     * Turning Points: Antietam (led to Emancipation Proclamation), Vicksburg (control of Mississippi), and Gettysburg.

• Reconstruction     * Amendments:         * $13^{\text{th}}$ Amendment: Abolished slavery.         * $14^{\text{th}}$ Amendment: Defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection.         * $15^{\text{th}}$ Amendment: Voting rights for black men.     * Challenges: Black Codes, KKK, Sharecropping, and the eventual "Redemption" of the South by Democrats.

Period 6 Review ($1865 \text{--} 1898$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Transcontinental Railroad Completed: $1869$     * Battle of Little Bighorn: $1876$     * Chinese Exclusion Act: $1882$     * Haymarket Square Riot: $1886$     * Dawes Severalty Act: $1887$     * Sherman Anti-Trust Act: $1890$     * Wounded Knee Massacre: $1890$     * Plessy v. Ferguson: $1896$     * Spanish-American War: $1898$

• The Gilded Age Economy     * Big Business Leaders: Carnegie (Steel), Rockefeller (Standard Oil), J.P. Morgan (Finance), Vanderbilt (Railroads).     * Business Practices: Vertical and Horizontal Integration; Social Darwinism; the Gospel of Wealth (philanthropy).     * Technology: Electricity (Edison/Westinghouse), Telephone (Bell), Mass Production.

• Labor and Populism     * Unions: Knights of Labor (all workers), American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers - skilled only).     * Strikes: Great Railroad Strike of $1877$, Pullman Strike ($1894$).     * Populist Party (People's Party): Farmers advocating for free silver, government regulation of railroads, and a graduated income tax (William Jennings Bryan’s "Cross of Gold" speech).

• The West and the South     * The West: Destruction of the Bison populations; Homestead Act; Frontier Thesis (Turner).     * The New South: Henry Grady’s vision of industrialization; reality of Jim Crow, segregation, and Plessy v. Ferguson's "separate but equal" doctrine.

Period 7 Review ($1890 \text{--} 1845$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Assassination of McKinley: $1901$     * Pure Food and Drug Act: $1906$     * Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: $1911$     * U.S. Enters WWI: $1917$     * $19^{\text{th}}$ Amendment (Suffrage): $1920$     * Stock Market Crash: $1929$     * FDR’s New Deal starts: $1933$     * Pearl Harbor Attack: $1941$     * D-Day: $1944$     * Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima: $1945$

• Imperialism and Progressivism     * Imperialism: Spanish-American War (Treaty of Paris gains Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico), Panama Canal, Roosevelt Corollary ("Big Stick" diplomacy).     * Progressive Era: Muckrakers (Sinclair’s The Jungle, Tarbell’s Standard Oil exposé); Trust-busting (Roosevelt, Taft, Wilson).     * Amendments: $16^{\text{th}}$ (Income Tax), $17^{\text{th}}$ (Direct Senator election), $18^{\text{th}}$ (Prohibition), $19^{\text{th}}$ (Suffrage).

• World War I and the 1920s     * WWI: Zimmerman Note, Sinking of the Lusitania. Homefront mobilization and the First Red Scare.     * $14$ Points: Woodrow Wilson's plan for peace, including the League of Nations.     * 1920s Culture: Harlem Renaissance (Langston Hughes), Flappers, Prohibition, and Nativism (Immigration Quotas).

• Great Depression and WWII     * The New Deal: Relief, Recovery, Reform. Created the Social Security Act, FDIC, TVA, and CCC.     * WWII: Lend-Lease Act. Homefront changes including Japanese Internment (Executive Order $9066$) and the end of the Depression due to mass mobilization.     * Numbers: Federal budget rose from $\$\,9\,\text{billion}$ in $1939$ to $\$\,166\,\text{billion}$ in $1945$. Top tax bracket rose to $94\%$.

Period 8 Review ($1945 \text{--} 1980$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Truman Doctrine: $1947$     * Marshall Plan: $1947$     * Korean War: $1950 \text{--} 1953$     * Brown v. Board of Education: $1954$     * Montgomery Bus Boycott: $1955$     * Sputnik: $1957$     * Cuban Missile Crisis: $1962$     * Civil Rights Act of $1964$     * Tet Offensive (Vietnam): $1968$     * Kent State Shootings: $1970$     * Nixon Resigns (Watergate): $1974$     * Iran Hostage Crisis: $1979$

• Cold War and Containment     * Policies: Truman Doctrine (aid to Greece/Turkey), Marshall Plan (Europe reconstruction), NATO military alliance.     * Confrontations: Berlin Airlift, Korean War, Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam War (Gulf of Tonkin Resolution).     * Domestic Impact: Second Red Scare (McCarthyism), Space Race, Military-Industrial Complex.

• The Civil Rights Movement and Great Society     * Civil Rights: Brown v. Board ("separate but equal" is unconstitutional), Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, Voting Rights Act of $1965$.     * Great Society: LBJ’s programs including Medicare, Medicaid, and the "War on Poverty."     * Women’s Rights: Betty Friedan (The Feminine Mystique), Roe v. Wade ($1973$).

Period 9 Review ($1980 \text{--} \text{Present}$)

• Important Events and Dates     * Election of Ronald Reagan: $1980$     * Fall of the Berlin Wall: $1989$     * Operation Desert Storm: $1991$     * NAFTA: $1994$     * $9/11$ Terrorist Attacks: $2001$     * Election of Barack Obama: $2008$

• Reagan and Conservatism     * Reaganomics: Supply-side economics involving tax cuts and deregulation.     * Foreign Policy: Military buildup (SDI/"Star Wars"), Iran-Contra Affair, challenge to the Soviet Union ("Tear down this wall").

• The Modern Era     * Bush (HW): First Gulf War, Americans with Disabilities Act.     * Clinton: Economic boom, NAFTA, Impeachment (perjury and obstruction of justice).     * Bush (W): $9/11$, Patriot Act, Department of Homeland Security, War in Afghanistan and Iraq (Search for WMDs).     * Obama: Affordable Care Act (ACA), capture of Osama bin Laden, focus on Climate Change.