Civil Rights

Harlem renaissance

  • Booker T. Washington
    • Needed skills and an education
  • Marckus Garvey
    • create a separate economy and society run for and by African Americans
  • W.E.B. De Buis
    • Immediate equality
    • Created the NAACP

Examples of minorities contributing to the success of the united states

  • Tuskegee Air Men

Civil rights after world war II

  • A mass migration to the North brought political power to african americans working through the democratic party
  • The NAACP grew in numbers and its legal defense fund intimidated a series of lawsuits to win key rights
  • Key ways the african americans were breaking color barriers included
    • Jackie Robinson;s entrance into major league baseball
    • Ralph Bunche’s winning a nobel prize
  • A new generation of jazz musicians created be-bop

How did segregation affect african americans

  • Facilities for them were seldom equal to those of white facilities
  • The facilities were often run down
  • Law and custom kept blacks as second - class citizens with no effective political rights
  • African americans had to learn to survive and not challenge the situation

Brown v. Board of education

  • Lawyer for NAACP was Thurgood Marshall
  • The case was challenging the separate but equal principle set by the Plessy v. Ferguson case
  • Argument was:
    • The public education was a violation of the constitution
  • Decision:
    • All nine justices agreed
    • Chief justice Earl Warren stated that separate but equal had no place in public education
  • Importance:
    • It overruled the principle of separate but equal and touched the lives of everyone because it affected schools
    • Hernandez v. Texas
    • Ended exclusion of Mexican American on Jury trials \n
  • Reaction:
    • Southerners endorsed the southern manifesto
    • Pledge to oppose the brown ruling
    • KKK became active

Eisenhower sends troops to Little Rock

  • Little Rock school board was not going to integrate
  • Eisenhower believed that it was his job as President to not allow the American people to ignore the law of mandatory integration
  • He stated that respect for the law was the foundation of the American way of life

Martin Luther King and the SCLC

  • Martin Luther King, In merged from the bus boycotts a prominent national figure. A well-educated son of a Baptist minister, King taught his followers nonviolent resistance, modeled after the tacries of Mohandas Gandhi.
  • The civil rights movement was deeply rooted in the traditions of the African-American church.
  • King founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to promote nonviolent direct action to challenge segregation

Identify

  • De jure segregation
    • Segregation imposed by law (im Crow)
  • De Facto Segregation
    • Segregation by unwritten laws or traditions
  • Civil Rights Act of 1957
    • Established the Civil rights commission, which had rights to investigate violation of civil rights
    • Gave the U.S. Attorney General the power to enforce the voting rig of African Americans
  • Brown 2
    • Called for integration of schools with deliberate speed

Young people integrate the civil rights movement in 60’s

  • They brought an attitude of urgency to the movement
  • They wanted to change now, not in decades
  • Organized sit-ins,

Freedom Rides

  • The congress of racial equality (CORE) sponsored a freedom ride of biracial interstate buses in the south
  • The FBI and Justice Department knew of the plans but were absent when mons firebombed the bus and

Accomplishments of the Freedom Rides

  • The Kennedy administration was forced to mediate a safe conduct for the riders, though 300 people were arrested
  • A Justice Department petition led to new rules that effectively led to the desegregation of interstate public transportation and related facilities in the South
  • Boynton v. Virginia
    • Segregation on interstate busing and in waiting rooms was illegal

The Albany Movement: The Limits of Protest

  • Where the federal government was not present, segregationists could triumph
  • In Albany, Georgia, local authorities kept white mobs from running wild and kept police brutality down to a minimum
  • Martin Luther King, Jr. was twice arrested, but Albany remained segregated
  • When the federal government intervened, as it did in the University of Mississippi, integration could take place

Birmingham

  • In conjunction with the SCI.C, local activists in Birmingham, Alabama, planned a large desegregation campaign
  • Demonstrators, including Martin Luther King, Jr, filled the city's jails
  • King drafted his Letter From a Birmingham Jail
  • A TV audience saw water cannons and snarling dogs break up a children's march
  • A settlement was negotiated that desegregated businesses
  • Birmingham changed the nature of the civil rights movement am Fawn tam.. first time. by bringing in black unemployed and working poor for the first time

JFK and the March on Washington

  • The shifting public consensus led president kennedy to appeal for civil rights legislation
  • A. Philip Randolph’s old idea of a march on Washington was revived
  • The march presented a unified call for change and held up the dream of universal freedom and brotherhood

March on Washington

  • Put pressure on congress to pass civil rights legislation
  • 200,000 from all races and ethnic backgrounds marched to the Lincoln Memorial
  • Listen To MLK give his “I had a dream” speech

Civil Rights Act of 1964

  • Outlawed Segregation in public places and workplace
  • Empowered Federal Government to require the state and local school boards to desegregate their schools
  • The act also gave the Justice Department power to prosecute people who violate other people civil rights
  • Why was it shocking that Johnson signed the act?

LBJ and the Civil Rights Act of 1964

  • Movement as the new president, Lyndon Baines Johnson, had never been a good friend to civil rights
    • Why?
  • LB] used his skills as a political insider to push through the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that put a virtual end to Jim Crow

Identify

  • SNCC
    • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
    • Goal was to create a grass-root movement that involved all class of African Americans in the struggle to defeat white racism
  • Medgar Evers
    • Instrumental in getting James Meredith into University of Mississippi

Impact of the protest in selma

  • Organized march to put pressure on the Federal Government to enact voting rights legislation
  • First altercation was refer to as bloody Sunday
  • Just when it appeared the Selma campaign would fade, a white gang attacked a group of Northern whites who had come to help out, one of whom died.
  • Impact
    • President Johnson addressed the nation and thoroughly identified himself with the civil rights cause, declaring
    • "We shall overcome."

Kerner commission

  • To investigate and determine why riots were happening
  • Examples of riots
    • Harlem
    • Whatts
  • Many conservatives argued against spending money on minority programs

Malcom X and Black Consciousness

  • Many younger civil rights activists were drawn to the vision of Malcolm X, who:
    • ridiculed integrationist goals
    • urged black audiences to take pride in their African heritage
    • break free from white domination
  • He broke with the Nation of Islam, made a pilgrimage to Mecca, and returned to America with changed views
  • He sought common ground with the civil rights movement, but was murdered in 1965
  • Even in death, he continued to point to a new black consciousness

King in Memphis

  • He went to support a strike by sanitation workers seeking better wages and working
  • He was shot dead
  • Result:
    • People began to riot

Gains Civil RIghts Made in the 70’s

  • Segregation had been banned
  • African american rights had been established and protected
  • Poverty rates for the african american has dropped
  • They had joining the supreme court marshal (thurgood marshall)
  • Affirmative action program was created
    • Why did some people not agree with this program
    • Some people argued against this because it went against the idea of a colorblind society

Mississippi Freedom Summer

  • In 1964, civil rights activists targeted Mississippi for a "freedom summer" that saw 900 volunteers come to open up this closed society (SNCC)
  • Two white activists and a local black activist were quickly killed
  • Tensions developed between white volunteers and black movement veterans
  • The project riveted national attention on Mississippi

Identify

  • Fannie Lou Hammer
    • Spoke of her experience of being beaten because she registered to vote
    • Member of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
  • Voting right act of 1965
    • The act banned literacy test
    • Gave the federal Gov. the power to supervise registration for voting and elections in state that had discriminated
    • 1975 extended coverage to Hispanics
  • 24th Amendment
    • Eliminated poll tax
  • Nation of Islam
    • Malcolm X converted to this while in prison
  • Black Power
    • Coin by Stokely Carmicheal
    • African Americans should collectively use their economic and political muscle to get equality
  • Black Panthers
    • African American Militant group
    • Had armed patrols to protect African American neighborhood
    • Provide free breakfast for poor blacks children

Mexican americans and mexican immigrants

  • Mexican Americans formed groups to fight for their rights and used the courts to challenge discrimination
  • Legal and illegal Mexican migration increased dramatically during and after WWII. During the 1950s, efforts to round up undocumented immigrants led to a denial of basic civil rights and a distrust of Anglos

Puerto Ricans

  • Although Puerto Rican communities had been forming since the 1920s, the great migration came after WWII
  • Despite being citizens. Puerto Ricans faced boch economic and cultural discrimination
  • In the 1960s and 197Cs, the decline in manufacturing jobs urban decay severely hit them

Japanese Americans

  • During The 1950s, Congress removed the old ban against Japanese immigration and naturalization
  • By 1965 some 46,000 immigrant Japanese had taken citizenship oaths

Native Americans

  • During the 1950s. Congress passed a series of termination bills that ended tribal rights in return for cash payments and division of tribal assets
  • Indian activists challenged government policies leading to court decisions that reasserted the principle of tribal sovereignty
  • Reservation Indians remained trapped in poverty
  • Indians who had left the reservation lost much of their tribal identities
  • Urban Indian groups arose and focused on civil instead of tribal rights

Bemaking the Golden Door: The Immigration and nationality Act of 1965

  • \

Election of 1960

  • Candidates:
    • John F. Kennedy- Democrat from Mass.
  • Wealthy political family
    • Richard Nixon- Republican for California
  • Poor struggling family
  • Issues
    • Domestic policy was Kenedy’s strongpoint
    • Foreign policy was Nixon’s strongpoint
  • Result:
    • Kennedy won due to the fact of how he looked and performed in the election debated
    • His decision to support Martin Luther King got him the African american vote

Effect of the Television Debate

  • Kennedy appeared relaxed and confident during the first debate
  • Nixon looked pale and sick
  • Kennedy gained the advantage - why?

JFK Cold War Strategy

  • He planned to build up the armed forces
  • Flexible response
    • Ideas the U.S. would be able to fight a conventional war, against guerrillas, or nuclear
  • He had a strategy to strengthen third world countries politically and economically
    • Peace corps
    • Alliance of progress-good neighbor policy

Bay of Pigs

  • The plan by the CIA using Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro
  • Plan was created during Eisenhower term
  • result:
    • The plan was a major failure due to the fact the ground forces were not given air support
    • All but 300 of 1400 invader were killed or captured

Cuban missile crisis

  • The Soviet had built nuclear Missile site in Cuba
  • This put the Panama Canal and Eastern cities in danger
  • Kennedy takes action:
    • Kennedy order a blockade of Cuba to stop the building of the site
    • He worked diplomatically to settle he offered to remove the U.S. missile from Turkey and Italy in exchange for missile from Cuba
  • Impact
    • Soviets remove Missiles
    • U.S. remove missiles from Turkey
    • The U.S. and Soviets avoid nuclear war
    • The to leaders establish a hotline to keep communication open
    • U.S., Great Britain, and the Soviets sign the Nuclear Test ban Treaty
    • Ended above ground testing

Berlin crisis

  • The issue was the control over West Berlin
    • Khrushchev wanted control because he was losing workers to the west.
    • Kennedy refused because he believe in protecting people in West Berlin rights and important military strategic position
  • Affect
    • U.S. and soviets moved further from peace
  • U.S. increased military spending
  • Soviet built the Berlin Wall

Identify

  • Fidel Castro
    • Communist leader of Cuba who allied himself of with SOVIET
  • Peace Corps
    • The volunteers provided technical, educational, health services, economic development
  • Alliance of progress
    • Promoted economic assistance to Latin America

Sluggish economy

  • Proposed a tax credit for business, which would allow them to invest in new factory equipment
  • Increased military, which created more jobs
  • Deficit spending
    • Government spends more money than they make in taxes in order to stimulate the economy
  • Kennedy gave a tax break to the middle class and raised taxes on the wealthy

Space race

  • Kennedy Realized after the Soviets launched Sputnik into space the U.S. was behind in technological advances
  • Kennedy created NASA

JFK changes his approach to civil rig he s

  • The reaction of many white southerners to the civil rights movement made it clear to Kennedy that he was going to put pressure on southern authorities who were reluctant to make sure everyone received their civil rights

Kennedy assassination

  • JFK was in a parade in Dallas Texas when he was shot in the head and killed.
  • The authorities arrested Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone
  • Impact
    • Johnson was sworn in as President
    • American were deeply saddened and shocked
    • The innocent of America was taken away
    • Presidents never rode in open cars again

Identify

  • New Frontier
    • The name for Kennedy domestic program to improve economy, education, healthcare, and Civil rights
  • Equal pay Act
    • Required equal pay for equal work in industries engage commerce or producing goods for commerce

Johnson rise to power

  • Head of the Texas youth administration
  • Elected to Congress in 1937
  • Senate in 1948 became the most powerful on capitol hill
  • He rose Senate majority leader
  • 1960 Vice President

JFK legacy

  • Civil rights
    • Equal pay act
    • Civil rights act of 1964
    • Equal housing act

Johnson eliminates poverty

  • He wanted to train the Jobless, educate the uneducated, provide healthcare to those in need
  • Economic opportunity Act
    • Created the job Corps to give young people 16-21 skills to g can get out of poverty
  • VISTA
    • Volunteer help in poverty stricken America
  • Head Start
    • Provided play groups, day care, and activities provided to help underprivileged children get ready for elementary school

Great society

  • End to poverty, racial injustice, and opportunity for all children
  • Medicare
    • Medical insurance for people for 65 or older
  • Medicaid
    • Provided basic medical service to the poor and disabled were not part of social security
  • 1965 elementary and secondary act
    • It provided federal fund to help school in poor area
    • Improve Library, learning centers, language labs,
    • Increase funding for indians, inner city, mexican American schools
  • Immigration and nationality act of 1965
    • Altered the Quota system for immigrants
    • 170,000 immigrant from the eastern hemisphere
    • 120,000 immigrant from the western hemisphere
    • Latin America, caribbean, Asia
    • Immigrant provided new ideas, skills, and creativity

Warren Court

  • Most liberal courts supported civil rights, civil liberties, voting rights, personal privacy
    • Bakerv. Carr
    • Favor of reapportion on one man one vote
    • Gideon v. wainwright
    • Accused right to a lawyer
    • Engle v. vitale
    • Ruled prayer in a public school violated the 1st amendment
    • Abington v. schempp
    • Reading o the bible in public school is a violation of the 1st amendment

Black Panthers

  • The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense (BPP) was founded in October 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality.
  • African americans should have equality

Gideon v wade

  • Decision: In 1963, the Supreme Court ruled unanimously in favor of Gideon, guaranteeing the right to legal counsel for criminal defendants in federal and state courts.
  • If you were faced with a felony you were given a lawyer if you could not afford one

Baker v carr

  • a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that redistricting qualifies as a justiciable question under the Fourteenth Amendment, thus enabling federal courts to hear Fourteenth Amendment-based redistricting cases

Elementary and secondary segregation acts

  • Helped intercity people in poverty

Medecare

  • 65+

Medecade

  • Disabled and poor

Who ran against kennedy in 1960 and why did he win

  • In a closely contested election, Democratic United States Senator John F. Kennedy defeated the incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon, the Republican Party nominee.
  • John F. Kennedy, a wealthy Democratic senator from Massachusetts, was elected president in 1960, defeating Vice President Richard Nixon. Though he clearly won the electoral vote, Kennedy received only 118,000 more votes than Nixon in this close election.

What was the berlin crisis and what was its impact

  • An issue over control of west berlin
  • Us and soviet became more distant and the us increased its military spending

Why did crushef build the berlin wall

  • To prevent

What was malcom x’s view on how to deal with civil rights

  • He argued for black power, black self-defense and black economic autonomy, and encouraged racial pride.

What made malcolm x change his view

  • He was assassinated after he denounced the nation of islam

How were kennedy and eisenhower different when it came to foreign policy

  • Like his predecessors, Kennedy adopted the policy of containment, which purported to stop the spread of Communism. President Eisenhower's New Look policy had emphasized the use of nuclear weapons to deter the threat of Soviet aggression.

What is the bay of pigs: whos idea, what was the impact, what was the goal

  • John F. Kennedy was briefed on a plan by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) developed during the Eisenhower administration to train Cuban exiles for an invasion of their homeland
  • The failed invasion strengthened the position of Castro's administration, which proceeded to openly proclaim its intention to adopt socialism and pursue closer ties with the Soviet Union. It also led to a reassessment of Cuba policy by the Kennedy administration.
  • To overthrow castro

Why did the bay of pigs fail

  • There was a full moon
  • Reflected of the water making it impossible to sneak attack