Lesson 1

Atomic Bonding

• An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge.

Types of Chemical Bonds

Ionic Bonds

• Complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms.
• Results in one positively charged atom (cation) and one negatively charged atom (anion).
• Common in metals and with acids/bases.

Covalent Bonds

• Equal sharing of electrons between atoms.
• Types of bonds:
  • Single bond: One pair of shared electrons.
  • Double bond: Two pairs of shared electrons.
  • Triple bond: Three pairs of shared electrons.

Polar Covalent Bonds

• Unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in partial positive and negative charges.
• Example: Water molecule where oxygen is relatively negative and hydrogens are relatively positive.

Bond Strength

• Molecular bonds in decreasing order of strength:
  • Covalent > Ionic > Polar covalent > Van der Waals.

Atoms and Charged Particles

• An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons; protons and neutrons form the nucleus.
• Charge states of an atom:
  • Neutral: Equal number of electrons and protons.
  • Positive: More protons than electrons.
  • Negative: More electrons than protons.

Van der Waals Forces

• Weak intermolecular forces holding same-type molecules together due to fluctuating electron charges.