What can be used to measure cytotoxicity in tissue culture during the screening process?

• LDH assay

Which chromatography method relies on charge for separation?

• Ion-exchange chromatography

Which chromatography method separates proteins or molecules based on size?

• Size exclusion chromatography

Which chromatography method uses specific tags or antibodies to isolate proteins?

• Affinity chromatography

When using metal-chelation chromatography, what is used to elute the column and release the bound proteins?

• Imidazole

Chemical or UV mutagenesis is particularly useful for studying pathogens that are:

• Lacking a complete understanding of their genetics

What is a challenge associated with chemical or UV mutagenesis?

• Marking the resulting mutants

What is an advantage of using transposons as genetic tools?

• Ability to create a diverse pool of mutants

Why can transposons only be used to study non-essential genes?

• Disrupting essential genes can be lethal to the clone

What is an operon?

• Multiple genes transcribed into a single RNA molecule

Which reporter gene system generates chemiluminescence for visualization and measurement?

• luciferase

What are the limitations of Tn-seq?

• Tn-seq cannot identify genes that suppress pathogenesis; Tn-seq can only identify virulence genes that have non-redundant functions; Bias may be introduced due to the competition between mutants in a single animal

What technique allows for the selective inactivation of a gene in specific cells or tissues?

• Knockout using Cre recombinase

What is the purpose of using floxed mice in conditional knockout models?

• To precisely control gene inactivation in specific cells or tissues

Which type of animal model is commonly used to study the role of neutrophils in immune responses?

• Neutropenic mice

What is the main advantage of using laser-capture microdissection (LCM) in studying infections in vivo?

• It allows for the isolation of specific cells from tissue sections for analysis

What is the characteristic feature of nude mice?

• They lack T cells

What is the main advantage of using "humanized knockin" mice in studying human infections?

• They introduce actual human functions into the animal model

What are examples of tools used in gene silencing and editing screens?

• RNA interference (RNAi) and gene editing via CRISPER-Cas9

What is the main advantage of proteomics compared to gene and transcript analysis?

• Proteomics provides information on protein identity, abundance, sequence, and modifications

Which technique is commonly used to separate protein samples into smaller fractions for proteome coverage?

• High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Which enzyme is responsible for cleaving double-stranded RNA into short interfering RNA (siRNA) in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway?

• Dicer

What is the preferred mechanism for precise gene editing in the CRISPR-Cas9 system?

• Homology-directed repair (HDR)

What does CRISPR-Cas9 stand for?

• Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

What is the purpose of RNA interference (RNAi) in studying gene function during infection?

• To silence or turn off specific genes