Final exam

Teapot Dome Scandal

  • Considered the worst political scandal until Watergate under Nixon.

  • Bribery incidents that took place in the United States from 1921 to 1922

  • Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall had leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding.

  • Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes (385,000) from the oil companies

  • Became the first cabinet member to go to prison.

    Automobiles

  • the automobile industry in the United began in 1890’s

  • Ford Motor Company was located in Detroit Michigan-all needed materials were made nearby.

  • Changed where Americans lived, what work they did, how they spent their leisure and family time.

  • Many small towns disappeared in favor of distant cities and towns

  • began the migration to the suburbs

  • Nothing shaped modern Americans more than the automobile

    Welfare Capitalism

  • Business owners found a way to meet workers’ demands without them turning to unions

  • they improved safety and sanitation inside factories

  • instituted paid vacations, health plans, English classes, pension plans, and other benefits

  • Encouraged loyalty to the company and discouraged memberships in labor unions.

  • told workers that trade unions were unnecessary for workers’ welfare

  • “mass production requires mass consumption” - Henry Ford

  • Believed workers needed money to consume goods

  • wanted his workers to be able to buy the cars they made

  • in 1914 Henry ford raised wages in factories to $5 a day- more than twice the going rate.

    Charles Lindbergh

  • “The Lone Eagle”

  • American aviator, author, inventor, military officer, explorer, and social activist

  • in 1927, at the age of 25, Lindbergh became the first person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic from Long Island, New York, to Paris, France

  • Awarded medal honor

    The Flapper

  • short bobbed hair

  • lipstick and rouge

  • spent freely on clothing

  • often smoked cigarettes

  • danced all night to wild jazz

    Johnson-Reed act of 1924

  • passed by congress

  • limits the number of immigrants to no more than 161,000 a year

  • establishes quotas for each European nation

  • squeezed some quotas for each European nation

  • quotas reflected fear and bigotry

  • those who backed it claimed immigration had to be stopped because “America had become the garbage can and the dumping ground of the world”

  • only wanted “good immigrants” from Western Europe

    The Scopes Trial- 1925

  • The states of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes (dayton, Tennessee)

  • commonly referred to as the scopes monkey trial

  • science vs, religion

  • Tennessee and other states banned the teaching of evolution

  • John Scopes challenged the law by teaching evolution

  • Clarence Darrow was a defense lawyer

  • William Jennings Bryan was a prosecutor

  • Darrow got Bryan on the stand and humiliated him- he died one week later

  • Scopes was convicted- 100 fine

    Alfred smith

  • Four-time governor of New York

  • Denounced immigrant quotas, opposed prohibition and signed Ny’s Anti-Klan bill

  • first Catholic to run for president

  • He lost by a big margin

    Franklin Delano Roosevelt

  • democrat

  • vice president candidate in 1920

  • energetic candidate and campaigner

  • “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself”

  • Promised “direct, vigorous action”

  • Termed the first month in office: “the hundred days”

  • A whirlwind of government initiatives that launched the New Deal

  • The new deal had three goals: the three R’s

    • relief

    • recovery

    • reform A balance between production and consumption needs

    Role of consumption

  • FDR thought the greatest of the flaws was underconsumption

    • could choke the economy

    • a balance between production and consumption needed to be restored.

    • wealth in the hands of just a few reduced consumption by most Americans

    Fireside chats

  • Sunday, March 12th with banks still closed FDR gave his first radio fireside chat

  • explained the new banking legislation- “safe to keep money in banks now”

  • plain talk, in a friendly manner

  • restore confidence in banks

  • the first fireside chat and subsequent ones tied Roosevelt to millions of Americans

    Huey Long

  • Democrat of Louisiana

  • the “kingfish”

  • governor and then senator

  • championed the poor- wanted more reform

  • proposed program to “share the wealth”- an equitable distribution of wealth

  • proposed outlawing high incomes and high inheritance with a tax bill

  • challenged the New Deal after1932

  • assassinated in 1935

    Wagner act

  • also known as the National Labor Relations Act

  • new dealers supported labor unions

  • a marked departure from organized unions in the Gilded Age

  • bill sponsored by Senator Robert Wagner of New York

  • authorized the federal government to intervene in labor disputes

  • authorized government to supervise the organization of unions

  • guaranteed industrial workers the right to organize

  • if the majority of workers at a company voted for a union, the union became the sole bargaining agent for the entire workplace, and the employer was required to negotiate with elected union leaders

    Courts packing

  • attempt to remove a remaining obstacle to his new deal reforms after 1936

  • decided to target the Supreme Court

  • conservative justices had invalidated 11 New Deal measures as unconstitutional

  • Social Security, Wagner Act, SEC were now going in front of the court

  • FDR proposed adding new justices to the Supreme Court

    Appeasement

  • The diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict

  • in 1938 British Prime Minister Chamberlain offered to allow Germany to reclaim Sudetenland if Hitler agreed to leave the rest of Czechoslovakia alone

  • Hitler accepted but did not keep his promise

  • By 1939 Hitler had annexed all of Czechoslovakia

  • appeasement failed miserably

    Lend-leaser act

  • cash and carry for arms and supplies did not work as Britain ran low on money

  • Roosevelt proposed an end lease policy which allowed the British to obtain arms from the US without paying cash but with a promise to reimburse the United States after the war ended

  • congresses approved the lend-lease Act in 1941

  • was a policy intended to defend democracy and human rights

  • by the time the war ended lend-lease support to Britain totaled more than $50 billion- more than all federal expenditures combined since Roosevelt took office

    Pearl Harbor

  • Militarists seized control of the Japanese government in October 1941

  • angered by the embargo they convinced Emperor Hirohito that the American naval base in the Pacific needed to be destroyed to allow Japan to control Asia

  • On December 7, 1941, Japan attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii

  • sank all battleships and killed 2,400 Americans

  • failed to destroy aircraft or oil storage facilities

    Japanese internment camps

  • especially true of the Japanese

  • Americans of Japanese descent became targets

  • Pearl Harbor and racial prejudice contributed to this

  • Campaign to round up all mainland Japanese Americans

  • most were US citizens

  • February 1942, Roosevelt issues Executive Order 9066

  • sent all Americans of Japanese descent to 10 internment camps in remote areas

  • they lost homes and businesses and lived out the war in these camps

  • several thousand Japanese Americans served with distinction in the war

  • no case of subversion by a Japanese American was ever uncovered

  • supreme court up here the executive order as justified by “military necessity”

  • although blatantly unconstitutional

    Manhattan Project

  • top secret Stettin

  • find a way to convey nuclear energy into a bomb

  • more than 100,000 American scientists, engineers, and military worked on it

  • at Los alamos, new Mexico

    The Iron Curtain

  • “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent” - Churchill

    Marshall plan

  • Officially the European Recovery Program

  • created by the State Department and begun in April 1948

  • Europe needed large-scale assistance

  • humanitarian mission

  • America wanted to prevent Europe from turning to communism or socialism

    Joseph McCarthy

  • Republican senator from Wisconsin

  • Elected to the Senate in 1946

  • in 1950, he asserted in a speech that he had a list of members of the communist party who worked in the State Department in his pocket

  • Held senate hearings of suspected communist

  • propagated the red scare of the 1950’s

  • major driving force of anti-communism

  • McCarthyism accused many of being communists including George Marshals the, the former secretary of state

  • claims of McCarthy were often reckless and ludicrous

  • Became synonymous with the “red scare: and anti-communist crusade

  • Many accused had done nothing wrong except perhaps support radical causes or attend a Communist Party meeting a year earlier.

    Interstate Highway and Defense system

  • authorized the construction of a national highway system

  • was prompted as essential to defense-why

  • an impetus to economic growth

  • federal government foots the bill

    • through increased fuel and vehicle taxes

  • accelerated mobility of people and goods

  • spurred suburban expansion

  • benefited trucking, construction, and auto industries

    Brinkmanship

  • go to the brink of war to block soviet expansion

  • deter enemy attacks by the threat of massive retaliation

  • The Cold War is an example of brinkmanship

    Endless Frontier

  • a report to the President of the united states

  • called for an expansion of government support for science and research

  • advocated university science research

  • it led to the creation of the National Science Foundation in 1950

  • written by Vannevar Bush

    Eisenhower and military Industrial Complex

  • before leaving office Eisenhower gave his farewell speech (January 17, 1961) on TV

  • He warned against the influence of the military-industrial complex in the United States

  • saw a “danger that public policy could itself become captive of a scientific technological elite.”

  • that unchecked the military and defense industry would dictate public policy for the country in the future

    The Great Society

  • Lyndon B Johnsons domestic policy

    Bay of pigs

  • april 17th, 1961

  • 1400 anti-Castro exiles (living in the us) that had been trained and armed by the CIA

  • landed at the Bay of pigs, Cuba

  • no popular uprising, on island, materialized to support the exile’s invasion- it did not happen

  • Kennedy refused to provide direct military support for the invasion

  • invaders quickly fell to Castro’s forces

    Detente

  • term used for easing conflict/strained relations with soviet union

  • policy of containment continued

  • focused on issues of common concern - arms control and trade

  • creating a stable world order

    Stagflation

  • persistent high inflation combined with high unemployment and slow economic growth

  • an economic conundrum raises a dilemma for economic policy formulation

    • actions designed to lower inflation may exacerbate unemployment and vice versa

    • usually rising prices (inflation) accompany a humming economy with a strong demand for labor

  • it created a substantial federal budget deficit

    Camp David Accord

  • The crowning Achievement of the carter presidency

  • promoting peace in the Middle East

  • in 1979, Carter invited Anwar Sadat of onomics and Menachem begin of Israel to Camp David

  • met for 13 days

  • meetings led to the Camp David Accords

  • Egypt became first Arab state to recognize the existence of Israel

    Supply-side economics

  • also known as trickle-down economics

  • a theory that lowering taxes and reducing government regulations will increase the supply of goods and services, which will lead to economic growth. The theory is based on the idea that people will work, save, and invest more if they keep more of their income. 

    Defense of Marriage act in 1996

  • passed by a republican congress and Clinton signed it

  • prohibited the federal government from recognizing marriage between same-sex couples

  • 2013 Supreme Court overturned DOMA under equal protection clause of the constitution