HUMAN-PERSON-IN-THE-SOCIETY
Page 1: Introduction
Prepared by: MR. ANTONIO T DELGADO
Faculty, Social Science Department, General De Jesus College
Page 2: Focus Questions
What is society?
What is sociocultural evolution?
What are the different forms of society? Describe each.
What are the views of Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle on the nature of society?
Differentiate the views of Hobbes and Locke on the need for a social contract.
How is the individual transformed by society?
Page 3: Society
Defined as a group of people living in a specific territory with a common political authority and a distinct identity (Giddens, et al., 2020).
Comprises a system of interrelationships connecting individuals.
Page 4: Sociocultural Evolution
Refers to the changes in a society’s social structure as its culture and technology become more sophisticated.
Page 5: Forms of Society
Types:
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Pastoral Societies
Horticultural Societies
Agricultural Societies
Industrial Societies
Post-Industrial Societies
Virtual Societies
Page 8: Hunting and Gathering Societies
Earliest form of society.
Survival through hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering.
Characterized by nomadism and lack of labor specialization.
Page 10: Pastoral Societies
Depend on domesticated animals for transportation and food.
Page 12: Horticultural Societies
Cultivating plants and fruits for survival.
Limited technology, using basic tools like digging sticks or hoes.
Page 14: Agricultural Societies
Utilize advanced technology for large-scale crop cultivation.
Agricultural Revolution led to increased food supplies, population growth, and trade centers.
Page 16: Industrial Societies
Mechanization for producing goods and services.
The Industrial Revolution altered production by encouraging task specialization.
McDonaldization: Dominance of fast-food principles in various sectors (Ritzer, 1993) through efficiency, calculability, uniformity, and automation.
Page 19: Industrial Societies (Continued)
Ritzer argues for the standardization and rigidity in social life.
Marx noted that industrial work can lead to alienation from true creativity and satisfaction.
Page 26: Post-Industrial Societies
Shift from manufacturing to service-oriented work.
Page 29: Virtual Societies
Communities formed over the Internet.
Examples: Social networking, chat rooms, and virtual worlds.
Pros: Anonymity and freedom of expression.
Cons: Lack of commitment due to disembodied relations.
Page 32: Nature of Society
Views by classical philosophers: Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle differ regarding the individual's role in society.
Page 34: Confucius' View
Society grounded in virtue (ren) rooted in empathy and reciprocity.
Emphasizes moderation (zhong-yong) and the rules of propriety (li).
Page 36: Plato's View
Society should promote function and harmony.
Ideal society features an intellectual aristocracy with philosopher-kings.
Page 40: Aristotle's View
Society is the natural state of humanity; man is a political animal.
Describes the evolution from family to village to state, which includes elements like population, territory, government, and sovereignty.
Page 44: Social Contract
A theory proposing society is formed through a mutually beneficial contract among individuals.
Page 45: Hobbes' View
Advocated for social contracts due to inherent human selfishness, requiring surrender of autonomy for order and protection.
Page 47: Locke's View
Offered an optimistic view on human nature, supporting social contracts for protecting natural rights (life, liberty, property).
Page 50: Socialization
The process through which individuals learn social norms and values, forming a sense of self.
Theoretical Perspectives:
Structural Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Symbolic Interactionism
Page 51: Structural Functionalism
Socialization as a top-down process, where individuals internalize societal rules and conform to societal roles.
Page 52: Conflict Theory
Behaviors and relations stem from conflicts between social groups, particularly classes (e.g., capitalists vs. workers).
Page 54: Symbolic Interactionism
Individual engagement in socialization through social interactions.
Basic premises:
Meaning is assigned through interactions.
Meanings evolve from social relationships.
Interpretative processes help modify these meanings.
Page 56: Summary
Society connects individuals through interrelationships.
Sociocultural evolution has resulted in various societal forms.
Philosophers have provided differing views on individual and societal roles.
Page 57: Summary (Continued)
Hobbes and Locke discussed society as a social contract.
Socialization enables individuals to understand social norms and values, developing self-identity.