Chapter Four Flashcards

Chapter Four

• The test will consist of 50 questions, with 25 from Chapter Three and 25 from Chapter Four.
• The test format will be mostly multiple choice, with a few matching questions.

Prefixes

• There is no mandatory rule requiring the use of a prefix.
• There are no strict rules for attaching prefixes to suffixes or combining forms.
• Sometimes vowels are dropped when adding prefixes (e.g., "hypo"), but this is not a hard rule.
• Prefixes tend to modify the meaning of words.

Combining Forms

• Add new combining forms to your flashcards.
• Include gloss (tongue and language) if you didn't get it in Chapter One.
• A list of suffixes will be provided to demonstrate how prefixes modify words.

Prefixes: Making Flashcards

• Create flashcards with the prefix on one side and its English translation on the other.
• The chapter focuses heavily on prefixes.

Anti vs. Ante

• "Anti" and "ante" sound similar but have different meanings.
• "Ante" means before or in front of.
• "Anti" means against.
• Example: "anti-CBM" (AC) in medicine means to administer a drug before a meal.
• Reasons for "anti-CBM" instructions: the drug may not work if taken with food, or it could cause nausea.
• "AC" does not stand for air conditioning; it means "give the drug before the meal."

Antigen vs. Antibody

• Antigens are foreign substances that can cause disease.
• Antibodies are produced by white blood cells (lymphocytes) to fight off antigens.
• Antigens can include viruses, parasites, and bacteria.
• Lymphocytes produce antibodies that attach to bacteria, allowing neutrophils to ingest them.

Antibiotics

• You need to know the word "antibiotic,"

Congenital Anomaly

• "Con" means with.
• A congenital anomaly is an irregularity present at birth.
• Examples: syndactyly (webbed fingers), fetal heart defects, club feet, fetal alcohol syndrome, Down syndrome.
• Microcephaly: a condition where babies are born with abnormally small skulls; linked to the Zika virus.

Autoimmune Diseases

• "Auto" means self.
• Autoimmune diseases: the immune system attacks the body's own cells.

Contralateral

• "Lateral" means to the side.
• "Contra" means opposite.
• Contralateral: occurring on the opposite side of the body.
• Example: a stroke in the right brain can cause paralysis on the left side of the body.

Ectopic Pregnancy

• "Ecto" means out of place.
• Ectopic pregnancy: when a pregnancy occurs outside the uterus (e.g., in the fallopian tube).
• Tubal ectopic pregnancies are the most common type.
• Ectopic pregnancies are considered emergencies because the embryo cannot survive outside the uterus, and the mother's life is in danger.

Prolapsed Uterus

• Prolapsed uterus: when the uterus sags and descends into the vagina.

Recombinant DNA

• "Re" means again or back again.
• Recombinant DNA: combining DNA from one organism into another.
• Example: producing human insulin using E. coli bacteria.
• The human pancreas's DNA sequence for insulin is inserted into E. coli bacteria.
• E. coli then produces human insulin, which can be bottled and used by people with diabetes.

Syndrome

• "Syn" (or "sym") means together.
• Syndrome: a group of symptoms that occur together.
• Examples of congenital syndromes: Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome.
• Acquired syndromes: AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), where multiple sicknesses occur together.

Symphysis

• "Sim" also means together.
• Symphysis: where bones grow together.
• Example: pubic symphysis, where the pubic bones grow together.
• Symphony: all instruments play together.

Ultrasound

• "Sono" refers to sound.
• "Ultra" means beyond.
• Ultrasound uses sound waves beyond our hearing ability.
• Sound waves bounce off solid objects, creating an echo.
• Application: use of sound waves that bounce off the fish.

Quick Quiz

• Adductor: bringing a muscle toward the body. The "d" is facing toward the "a".
• Abductor: taking muscles away from the body. The "b" is facing away from the "a".
• Dyspnea: Painful or difficult breathing. Breakdown: dys means painful or abnormal and pnea means breathing.
• Apnea: The letter "A" means not. Apnea is when the patient literally stops breathing.
• Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that produce antibodies.