EXAM 2

  • Coping Mechanisms:

    • Play Approaches:

      • Doll-puppet play

      • Mutual story telling

    • Lack of cognitive awareness:

      • Temper tantrums ; communication

    • Positive Coping:

      • Emotional network ; Engage in activities

      • Ability to work on task

      • Play materials & toys


  • Bedtime:

    • 10-13 hrs of sleep including naps

    • Electronics cause not enough sleep ; difficulties in attention, behavior, and learning

    • Naps not common in older preschoolers ; quiet time beneficial for parent and child to prep for night time

    • active play & imagination may lead to nightmares, sleep walking, sleep terrors


  • Physical growth - dental and physical

    • Permanent teeth erupt toward the end of preschool period

    • Weight increases 4 lbs/year ; height increases 2 inches/year

    • More aware of sexual identity/body

    • the frequency of dental caries has decreased due to effective preventive measures such as fluoride toothpaste and dental sealants.

    • significant factor associated with the prevalence of dental caries in children = Low socioeconomic status

    • Bone growth

      • ages 1-8 require calcium intake of 700 to 1000 mg

  • Cognitive pattern-Piaget’s preoperational substage play: AGES 2-4

    • Children represent world with words, images, drawings

      • Form concepts and reason: Symbolic function & Intutive thought

    • May not be able to: Reversibility means a child can mentally “undo” an action, like understanding subtraction as the reverse of addition. (5 +3 = 8 ; but not 8-5 = 3)

    • Ability to mentally represent an object that’s not present

    • Hallmark sign = ability to use symbols with language

    • Egocentrism = preschoolers can’t put themselves in another’s shoes

    • Animism = belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of actions


  • Piaget’s preoperational substage: Intuitive thought substage

    • primitive reasoning and wants to know all the answers to all sorts of questions.

    • “Why” stage

    • Intuitive - unaware of how they know what they know

    • Centering - attention on one characteristic to the exclusion of all others

    • Conservation: awareness that altering appearance of an object doesn’t chance its basic properties


  • Ages 3-6 Milestones / gross & fine motor



  • Preschooler Health patterns:

    • Illness/injury seen as punishment

    • Anxiety surrounding body ; fear mutilation and death

    • Preschoolers see health as how their family defines health

    • Older preschoolers capable and responsible of independent toileting


  • Band-aid usage in preschoolers:

    • Protect minor injuries, promote healing, control bleeding

    • Emotional Comfort, reassusrance, Encourage coping, premotes independence & self-care


  • Values and Beliefs

    • Fascinated with new life and death ; ask endless questions

    • Death seen as departure or type of sleep ; may believe their negative thoughts caused death of a person

    • control behavior to retain parental love and approval

    • lack developed consciences


  • Developmental screening and assessment:

    • Early identification of developmental or emotional disorders is essential

    • Early intervention because child’s brain capable of change during preschool period

    • Need screenings with standardized tests

    • 1 in 6 children ages 3-17 have one or more developmental or behavioral disability


  • ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorders):

    • challenges with social interactions, communication, restricted interests, repetitive behaviors

  • Diagnosis: display all 3 of social affective difference in addition to at least 2 of the 4 symptoms related to restrictive and repetitive behaviors


  • Reactions of divorce:

    • What is a likely reason for a preschool-aged child to repeatedly ask, "is daddy coming home for supper tonight?" after their parents divorce

      • The child is struggling to cope with or comprehend the permanence of the divorce


  • Memory:

    • Memory important in language development

      • Language and literacy development helps with problem solving

    • Aid memory by labeling/saying pictures, group objects, mimic others

    • Don’t use mnemonic techniques or rehearsal


  • Initiative vs Guilt:

    • Develop initiative through: vigorous motor activity, active imagination

    • Praising preschoolers, opportunities for experimentation


  • Nutrition:

    • Older preschoolers resist trying new foods ; develop strong food preferences ; parents must promote healthy food/snack options

    • Select finger foods to promote independence


SCHOOL AGE: INDUSTRY V INFERIORITY


  • Parental influence on developing industry:

    • Productive = positive encouragement 

    • trying out tasks and gradually succeed builds confidence and learns their skills ; guidedance without overcontrol ; responsible

  • Influence on inferiority:

    • When a child feels discouraged, resulting in them feeling inferior or incompetent (like getting bullied or picked on)

    • Chacrteristics: feeling inadequate, inferior, defeated, isolated, and discouraged. 


  • School Readiness (5 domains):


  • Health issues:

    • Somatization - transferring feelings into a physical problem

    • Depression-disturbance of mood, sadness, guilt, worthlessness

    • Stress symptoms: pounding heart, stomach butterflies, sweaty hands

    • bullying symptoms: anxiety, helplessness

    • Coping strategies: Deep breathing, roleplaying, counseling

    • ADHD - High energy, creativity, & intuitiveness that enables them to be successful in some areas of their life



  • Fine Motor:


  • Activities that promote concrete operations


  • Cognitive perceptual pattern:

    • Piaget’s Theory - concrete operations

      • egocentric interactions to cooperative interactions

      • increased understanding of concepts

      • reasoning from intuitive to logical or rational operations

      • considers other POVS

      • concept of time develops - can tell time

      • Collecting things (like information)

      • concrete thinking = less self centered, increased understanding of environment

      • lack of understanding rules

    • Mastery of new ideas and concepts

      • Need intact senses

      • Memory capabilities: organizing, classifying, and labeling information ; rehearsal - repeating to learn

      • Cognitive development & skill acquisition needed for future sucess

      • moral development: cultural, parental, religious values


  • Physical growth:

    • Muscle mass increases = muscle strength increases

    • Height increases 3 inch/year ; weight 2-3 lbs/year

    • growth slower than infancy & adolescence

    • Dental:

      • Checkups for problems, education on brushing and flossing dependent on age, healthy eating habits

        • common dental problems: Dental caries, malocclusion, periodontal disease.

    • Legs grown longer than other parts of the body allowing greater (motor skills):

      • Strength, balance, coordination, fluid motion

      • Running, jumping, climbing, throwing, riding bike

    • Inclusive Playground - low height for younger, challenging climbing for older, sandbox and swings for group interaction.

    • Social development:

      • Relationships with peers developing

        • peer groups bring acceptance and foster’s feelings of self-worth


  • Gross Motor 6-10:


  • Sleep disturbances:

    • night terrors, sleepwalking, sleeptalking, enuresis (bedwetting), confusional arousals, rhythmic movement disorder

    • enuresis = involuntary urination at a controllable age

    • encopresis = persistent voluntary or involuntary passing of stool into the child’s underpants after age 4 years (chronic constipation)

  • Prevention of sleep disturbances: Implement consistent bedtime routines, create a safe sleeping environment, and educate on the importance of sleep hygiene.



  • Nutrition:

    • School age need 1200-1600 calories/day

      • Deficient in iron, calcium, and vitamin C

    • Children eat foods that are high in salt, sugar, and calories

      • 33% of children eat food from fast food restaurants ; leads to childhood obesity

      • Access to food, mass influence, and busy lifestyles contribute to poor food choices = poor nutritional patterns

      • non-program content time on television devoted to food-related advertisements

      • Obesity is a common in Black American & Hispanic children.

        • Increased risk for hypertension, diabetes, sleep apnea, heart disease.

    • The Milk/Dairy group emphasized as the essential food group for strong bone and teeth development.

      • provides calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D, critical for proper mineralization of bones and teeth during the rapid growth of childhood.

  • Benefits of Play:

    • No structure to activities

    • strengthens muscles, promotes balance, expands energy, improves language and cognitive skills

    • active play during recess associated to self-regulation and academic achievement

    • Parents should promote physical activity instead of sedentary play (video games/screen time - can promote violence and adult themes)


ADOLESCENCE: psychological, emotional, cognitive, moral transition from childhood → young adult

  • Charactertistics: impulsive, enthusiastic, independent, rebellous, risk takers, vulnerable

  • Adolescents think they’re invincible = act without thinking abt concequences ; risk takes

    • Risk taking behaviors: drugs, alcohol, tobbaco, piercings, tattos, gangs, bullying, high risksexual practices

      Erickson: Identity vs. role confusion

    • Confusion arises when fears of participating in actitivites will proviude them opportunities to excel or win approval of other

    • industry, autonomy, initiative, trust

    • 1600 to 1800 calories for females



  • Sexual Characteristics (sex & puberty):

    • Primary: organs for reproduction, delayed puberty need referral to endocrinologist: male age 14, girls age 13

    • Secondary: External features not needed for reproduction: breast, pubic/facial hair, male voice changes

  • Gynecomastia - disappears (temp)

    • May last long and cause body image problems

  • Menstruation: 2 years after breast buds

    • Factors: increased weight, use of products that mimic estrogen production, stress

    • The first menstrual period is called menarche


  • Scoliosis: lumbar spine ; common orthopedic issue in adolescence


  • Eating disorders (both male and female ; more common in females):

    • Has comorbid psychiatric conditions

    • Obessive-compulsive disorders: anxiety, depression, suicide thoughts (uncommon)

  • Anorexia Nervosa - self starvation:

    • symptoms: lack of menstruation, brittle hair/nails, dry yelloish skin

    • Perfectionism and high achievement

    Binging/purging disorders - eat and cannot stop resulting in vommiting

    • Bulimia Nervosa - self induced purging

    • Anorexia/Bulimia nervosa on one end, binge eating disorders on the other


  • Sleeping:

    • at least 9 hours of sleep

    • Disturbances: teens with evening jobs working late, teens with out of town sports games with travel time, teens on phones/video


  • Acne (common) - increased production of sebum from sebaceous glands. sebaceous follicles clogged with sebu, and debris making black/whiteheads ; don’t squeeze lesions = irriration of gland and tissue injury

  • Factors: stress & diet

    • wash face twice/day '; gentle cleanser, retinoid

    • mild acne: combination of topical agents and antibiotic ; severe acne: hormonal therapy


  • STIS - Sexually transmitted infections

    • Emergence of secondary sex characteristics increased adolescent’s awareness of themselves as a sexual human being

    • Reasons for sexual activity: affection/close, peer pressure, maturity, feels good/right

  • Sexting - increased global practice in teens

    • Sexually explicit content through messages

    • StI prevention essential

    • Anticipatory guidance: supporting/educating prior to teens decision to become sexually active ; contrapceptives for protection from STI’S


  • Adolecents need

    • Positive self image: positive relationships and protection from emotional experiences

    • Appropriate social support: peer relation ships protection from emotional experiences

    • Feeling balued and nurtured: having caring adults help emerge from adolescence in healthy way


  • Piaget’s: formal operations “where am i going”, “who am i”, “how do others see me”

    • formal = focus on thoughts, onjects, and experiences than exact

    • groundwork for abstract thinking

    • introspection and egocentrism


Death: first - overdose (Heroine laced with fentanyl ; prescrition opioids and addiction) ; 2nd: suicide