Cells Study Guide

Cell Study Guide

Vocabulary

Cell: the basic unit of structure and function in living things

Organelle: specialized structure that performs important cellular functions

Membrane Bound Organelles: only eukaryotic cells

Cell Wall: a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the plant cell or other organisms

Golgi Body ( apparatus): system of membranes that modifies ( production/ processing) , and packages protein for export by cell

Mitochondria: the powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP ( energy) production

Centrioles: cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only

Cell (Plasma) Membrane: thin,flexible barrier around/ at the boundary of a cell; maintains homeostasis by acting as a selective barrier and regulates what enters and leaves the cell ( regulates chemical composition)

Cytoplasm: jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended/held

Nucleus: control center of the cell, contains DNA and RNA, responsible for growth and reproduction , boss of the cell

Lysosomes: contains enzymes that breaks down materials( food ) and waste ( old organelles), helps to clean the cell

Microtubules: move inside vesicles,granules, and organelles via attachment proteins “conveyor belts”, found in cytoplasm, support and shape cell ( part of cytoskeleton)

Vacuoles: cell organelle (sac) that stores materials such as water, salts proteins, and carbohydrates

Vesicles: small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of , within a cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum: transports proteins , makes, phospholipids and detoxifies poisons ( known as the cell superhighway)

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: studded with millions of membrane - bound ribosomes, is involved with the production ,folding, quality control and transport of some proteins,highway of the cell

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: has no ribosomes and creates lipids or fats, contains enzymes that help carry out functions

Nucleolus: makes ribosomes, found inside the nucleus

Ribosomes: attached to the membrane systems or scattered in the cytoplasm, cite of protein synthesis : makes proteins

Chloroplast: an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs, composed of numerous membranes that are used to convert solar energy into chemical energy, contains chlorophyll

Chlorophyll: green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis. It is found in plants, algae and some bacteria

Organ system:a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions

Tissue: a group of similar cells that perform a specific function

Eukaryote: a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote: A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea

Unicellular: made of a single cell

Multicellular: made of more than one cell

Cilia: The hairlike projections/structures on the outside of some cells that move in a wavelike manner,used for movement

Flagella: whiplike tails found in one - celled organisms to aid in movement

Cytoskeleton: network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Homeostasis: a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry , such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Phospholipid : a molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and nonpolar. Hydrophobic tail

Selective Permeability : a property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others

Transport Proteins: membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane

Fungi: a kingdom made of non green, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement, reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients

Protist: kingdom composed of eukaryotes that are not classified as plants, animals, or fungi, ex (amoeba,euglena, read algae

Chromosomes: linear, chromosomes shaped in a line like the animals and other eukaryotic cells

Plasmid: circular, small circular shaped DNA molecule that is common in bacteria cells

Complexity: how complicated or intricate or detailed something is

Chromatin: substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones ( contains the cell's genetic material inside the nucleus)

Prokaryote

  • No nucleus or membrane bound organelles

  • Includes bacteria: coccus, spirillum, bacillus ( rods ) - and archaea, e. coli,salmonella

  • Good bacteria can be found in yogurt, bad can be found in strep throat ( streptococcus)

  • Simple,unorganized, and smaller, small house

  • DNA is not in a nucleus , free floating

  • Characterized by their lack of nucleus

  • unicellular

  • cell wall has peptidoglycan

  • small ribosomes

  • circular DNA floats in cytoplasm

Eukaryote

  • Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

  • Includes plant, human, protist, and fungi cells

  • More complex , organized and larger,mansion

  • Mitochondria can be found only here

  • Genetic material is linear

  • Unicellular or usually multicellular

  • cell wall has chitin or cellulose

  • large ribosomes

  • linear DNA present in nucleus

Both

  • Cell Membrane

  • DNA

  • Ribosomes

  • Cytoplasm

    Animal Cells have lysosomes and centrioles , plants do not

    Plant Cells have a cellwall, chloroplasts, and chlorophyll

Photosynthesis

  • occurs only in plants

  • process happens in chloroplasts, specifically in the thylakiod and stroma

  • stomata : gaurd cells on the underside of leaves, open and close to let C02 in and 02 out

  • anabolic process ( converts small molecules to larger ones )

  • reactants - carbon dioxide, water and sunlight

  • products - oxygen and glucose

  • energy is trapped , light is essentail

  • Equation: 6H2O + 6CO2 + sunlight = 6O2 + C6H12O6

  • light , carbon dioxide, and temperature all affect the rate of photosynthesis

  • rate is much higher in summer, winter - no leaves

Cellular Respiration

  • occurs in all living organisms

  • breakdown of organic molecules ( glucose) to release energy for use in the cell

  • process occurs in the mitochondria, specifically in its matrix and inner membrane,

  • glycolysis, kerbs cycle, and ATP synthase action also happen in the mitochondria

  • catabolic process ( breakdown of complex - large molecules )

  • Reactants - oxygen and glucose

  • Products - water , carbon dioxide, energy - Adenosine Triphosphate

  • energy is released when the bond is broken betwenn the 2nd and 3rd phosphate , htis new molecule is Adenosine Diphosphate

  • energy is released, light is not essentail

  • Equation : 6O2 + C6H1206 = 6H2O + 6CO2 + 36ATP

  • matter is recycled, complimentary reaction, cycle keeps happening

  • includes Aerobic and Anerobic Respiration

Both Cycles

  • ATP is involved and provides energy for cellular functions

  • Uses ATP synthase and Electron Transport chain

  • electron carriers

Aerobic Respiration

  • requires oxygen

  • occurs in mitochondria

  • produces 36 - 38 ATP

  • energy efficeint

  • occurs only in eukaryotes

  • breakdown of glucose to get energy

  • exercise initially supplies the bodies working muscles with oxygen

  • equation : glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide and water

Anaerobic

  • Anaerobic is also called fermentation

  • Anaerobic includes Lactic acid and alcoholic

  • Anaerobic does not use oxygen

  • Anaerobic respiration can only be done in bacteria

  • yeast uses Anaerobic respiration

  • Anaerobic respiration occurs in cytoplasm

  • Anaerobic respirstion occurs after exercising

  • The Equation for Anaerobic is - Glucose = Lactic Acid

Anaerobic and Aerobic

  • Anaerobic and Aerobic make ATP

  • Anaerobic and Aerobic are both used for energy

  • Anaerobic adn Aerobic both occur in cells

  • Anaerobic and Aerobic both breakdown glucose

  • In Anaerobic and Aerobic glucose is a reactant

Simple Diffusion

  • movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

  • simple diffusion molecules pass directly through the lipid bilayer without the help of channels

  • no energy is required for simple diffusion

  • examples of simple diffusion include oxygen and carbon dioxide

Osmosis

  • osmosis is the diffusion of water through the cell membrane

  • during osmosis water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration through channels called aquaporins

  • no energy is required for osmosis

Active Transport

  • active transport is the movement of molecules through a cell membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

  • active transport always requires energy ( ATP) and transport proteins

  • types of active transport include Endocytosis,(phagocytosis and pinocytosis) exocytosis, and protein pumps

  • active transport uses large and charged molecules such as starches and ions

  • active transport is like riding a bike uphill


    Passive Transport

  • passive transport does not require energy

  • examples of passive transport include simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

  • passive transport uses oxygen , water, carbon dioxide, and glucose

  • passive transport is like riding a bike downhill






    Cell Membrane

  • the cell membrane is made of a double layer of Phosphoslipids

  • a phospholipid is made of two parts : phospate head - hydrophilic

    and lipid tails - hydrophobic

  • phosphate heads face the outside and the lipid tails face each other inside the membrane

  • cholesterol is a rigid molecule , that provides structure to the membrane, and prevents lipid tails from sticking together or drifting apart

  • proteins channels help molecules to pass through the membrane without distrupting lipid tails

  • types of protein channels include transport proteins, receptor proteins, and marker proteins

  • Fluid component: portion of the cell membrane have the ability to move

  • Mosaic Portion: lipids and proteins are dipersed through the membrane form patterns