Essay Q Formulae

Crusade Focus

Origins:

  • Why were they called?

Papal motives, chivalry, religiosity, threat to Outremer, importance of Jerusalem, fall of Jerusalem

  • How did the reasons for calling them change?

Nature of chivalry, territorial reasons changed through the rise and decline of Outremer, papal ambitions stayed similar?

  • Why did people go/participate? Sectors of society - knights vs leaders

Glory, religious reasons, family, feudalism, papal encouragement

  • How did the reasons people went change?

Chivalry changed, Outremer changed, knighthood changed

  • Was it a little or a big change?

Duration:

  • How were crusades similar and different?

Leadership, Muslim unity, Byzantine support, people who went, goals

  • Why did crusades succeed?

Leadership, Muslim unity, Byzantine support

  • Why did crusades fail?

Leadership, Muslim unity, Byzantine support

Consequences:

  • What were the similarities and differences in the consequences of crusades?

Strengthening or weakening Outremer, strengthening or weakening Muslim unity, achieving territorial gains

  • What were the consequences of the failure of crusades?

Weakening of Outremer, increase in Muslim unity, reduction of European support and interest

  • What were the consequences of the success of crusades?

Increase in Muslim unity, strengthening of Outremer, reduction of European support and interest, settlement of Outremer, capture of Jersualem, increase in pilgrims, enrichment through plunder, weakening of Muslim strength then increase as gave rallying point

Outremer Focus

  • Why did Outremer decline?

Muslim unity, Muslim leadership, internal factionalism, lack of European support, failure of the second Crusade geographical issues MUSLIM ISSUES INTERNAL ISSUES LACK OF SUPPORT

  • Why did Outremer survive?

Muslim disunity, strong leadership, strong economy, strong defence, support from Europe and Byzantium, military orders

  • What was most important in Outremer’s governance?

Castles,

  • What was most important in Outremer’s economy?

Muslim trade, seaports, castles

  • What was most important in Outremer’s defence?

Castles, seaports, Muslim disunity, military orders

  • What caused the conquest and consolidation/settlement of Outremer?

Muslim disunity, seaports, castles, European support, strong leadership, religiosity

  • What were the greatest weaknesses of Outremer?

Geography, Muslim unity

Ruler Focus

  • What motivated Muslim leaders?

Religiosity, personal ambition

  • Which leaders represented a turning point in Outremer turning point in governance/failure/survival/etc any Outremer factor?

Good governance, failures in governance, military skill, military failure, survival, growth of Outremer, Second Crusade a turning point, diplomacy, success in battle

Baldwin I, II, Fulk + Melisende, Baldwin III, Amalric, Baldwin IV, Baldwin V, Guy

  • Which leaders represented a turning point in Muslim governance - power transformed?

Zengi, Nur, Saladin

Unity, jihad

  • How different were rulers of Outremer?

Aims, quality of leadership/governance, success, motives

  • How different were Muslim rulers?

Aims, quality of leadership, success, motives

  • Why did the Muslim world become more united?

Strong leadership, Crusader strength, Crusader weakness, Crusader presence in general

  • How different were Muslim and Christian leaders?

Religiosity, quality of leadership, success, motives, personal ambition

  • Why did Muslim success and victory happen ?

    Quality of leadership, crusader disunity, Nur’s uniting of Syria

  • Why did Christian success and victory happen?

Quality of leadership, Muslim disunity, support from Europe and Byzantium