Unit 2

UNIT 2 REVIEWER

1. Key Definitions & Core Objectives

Fundamental Concepts

• Health Care Delivery System (HCDS): The aggregate/totality of all policies, facilities, equipment, products, human resources, organizations, and services that address the health needs, problems, and concerns of the people. It is large, complex, multi-level, multi-disciplinary, and describes how health care is provided through a network of facilities and personnel (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981).

• Health Care System (HCS): A complex set of organizations interacting to provide an array of health services (Dizon, 1977) or an organized plan of health services (Miller-Keane, 1987).

• Health Care Delivery (HCD): The act of rendering health care services to the people (Williams-Tungpalan, 1981).

Primary Objectives of Any Health Delivery System

1. Enable all citizens to receive health care services whenever needed.

2. Deliver health services that are cost-effective and meet pre-established standards of quality.

2. Levels of Care, Prevention, & Facilities

3. Factors Affecting Health Care Delivery Services

• Socio-economic factors

• Technological advancement

• Access to health care facilities

• High cost of hospitalization

• Health consumers

• Unequal distribution of health services and health personnel

• Demographic changes

4. International Health Frameworks

World Health Organization (WHO)

• Established on April 7, 1948 (celebrated annually as World Health Day).

• Specialized agency of the UN for international public health.

• Main Objective: Attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of health.

• Flagship Publication: World Health Report.

• Global Data Collection: Conducted through the World Health Survey.

8 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs: 2000–2015)

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger

2. Achieve universal primary education

3. Promote gender equality and empower women

4. Reduce child mortality

5. Improve maternal health

6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases

7. Ensure environmental sustainability

8. Develop a global partnership for development

17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs: 2015–2030)

1. No Poverty

2. Zero Hunger

3. Good Health and Well-being

4. Quality Education

5. Gender Equality

6. Clean Water and Sanitation

7. Affordable and Clean Energy

8. Decent Work and Economic Growth

9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

10. Reduced Inequality

11. Sustainable Cities and Communities

12. Responsible Consumption and Production

13. Climate Action

14. Life Below Water

15. Life on Land

16. Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

17. Partnerships for the Goals

5. The Philippine Health Care Delivery System

System Structure

• Public Sector (Tax-funded):

  • National: Department of Health (DOH) & Specialty/Regional Hospitals/Medical Centers.

  • Local Government Units (LGUs): Provincial Hospitals, District/Emergency Hospitals, Medicare & Community Hospitals, RHU/MHO/CHO/BHS.

• Private Sector (Privately funded/Voluntary):

  • Non-Profit: NGOs, Civic groups, Religious organizations, Foundations.

  • For-Profit: Private Corporations, Private Hospitals, Private Clinics, Private Practitioners, Private Laboratories.

Department of Health (DOH) Key Details

• Motto: Floreat Salubritas Populi ("Promotion of Health for the People").

• Mandate (E.O. 119, Sec. 3): Responsible for policy formulation, regulations/licensing, national health standards, special programs, and the promotion, protection, preservation, or restoration of health.

• Vision (by 2030): A global leader for attaining better health outcomes, competitive and responsive health care system, and equitable health financing.

• Mission: To guarantee equitable, sustainable, and quality health for every Filipino.

• Core Roles (E.O. 102):

1. Leadership in Health

2. Enabler and Capacity Builder

3. Administrator of Specific Services

• Composition: 17 Central Offices, 16 Centers for Health Development (CHDs), 70 Hospitals, 4 Attached Agencies.

Staffing & Catchment Population Ratios

• Rural Health Midwife (RHM): Manages Barangay Health Station (BHS) | 1 : 500 catchment population.

• Public Health Nurse (PHN): Manages/supervises RHU programs | 1 : 10,000 catchment population.

• Municipal Health Officer (MHO / Physician): RHU Administrator | 1 : 20,000 catchment population.

Historical Reorganization Highlights

• 1958 (RA 1082 - 1st Rural Health Act): Increased staffing (physicians, dentists, nurses, midwives, sanitary inspectors) and defined the first 81 RHUs.

• 1972 (RA 5435): Created 13 Regional Health Offices and decentralized authority to Regional Directors.

• 1974: RHCDS implemented; expanded midwife roles and posted RHMs to man BHSs.

• 1982 (EO 851): Integrated public health and hospital systems (promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative) and introduced Barangay Health Workers (BHWs).

6. Primary Health Care (PHC)

• Legal Basis: Letter of Instruction (LOI) 949 signed on October 19, 1979 by Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos Sr.

• Definition: Essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through full participation at an affordable cost.

• Goal: "Health for all Filipinos and Health in the hands of the people".

8 Essential Elements of PHC

1. Education for Health

2. Locally Endemic Disease Control

3. Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

4. Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning

5. Environmental Sanitation and Safe Water Supply

6. Nutrition and Promotion of Adequate Food Supply

7. Treatment of Communicable Diseases and Common Illnesses

8. Supply of Essential Drugs (supported by the Generics Act)

4 Pillars of Primary Health Care

1. Active Community Participation

2. Intra- and Inter-sectoral Linkages

3. Use of Appropriate Technology

4. Support Mechanism Made Available