Kines 101

Internet Live Lecture Notes on Sport Performance

Chapter Objectives

  • Outline the importance and history of research in sport performance in:
    • Strength and conditioning
    • Sport nutrition
    • Sport science
  • Provide an overview of common applied research methods in these professional contexts related to exercise science
  • Highlight the contributions of various performance areas and teams to athletes

Sport Performance Overview

  • Interdisciplinary Field: Comprises several subdisciplines, including:
    • Strength and conditioning
    • Sport nutrition
    • Sport science (e.g., analytics, biomechanics)
    • Athletic training and sports medicine

Roles of Sport Performance Professionals

  • Key Responsibilities:
    • Coaching for peak performance
    • Sport psychology
    • Team analytics and biomechanics
    • Athletic training and sports medicine
  • Hypothesized Hierarchy for Improving Sport Performance:
    • Performance nutrition
    • Strength and conditioning

History of Sport Performance

  • Historical Context:
    • As early as 3600 BC, exercise testing and weight-lifting assessments were required by Chinese emperors for military entry.
    • Late 1960s: Despite research showing strength training benefits, many U.S. sport coaches opposed it, fearing negative effects on athletic performance.

History of Strength and Conditioning

  • Establishment:
    • 1978: National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) founded with the goal to disseminate research-based knowledge and improve athletic performance and fitness.
  • Expansion:
    • Since 2010, most U.S. professional sports teams have incorporated a comprehensive team of sport performance professionals.

Strength and Conditioning Credentials

  • Affiliations: Full-time coaches most commonly belong to:
    • National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA)
    • Collegiate Strength and Conditioning Coaches Association (CSCCa)
  • Certifications Offered:
    • Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist (NSCA—CSCS)
    • Strength and Conditioning Coach Certified (CSCCa—SCCC)
    • Master Strength and Conditioning Coach (CSCCa—MSCC)

History of Sport Nutrition

  • Development:
    • Emerged in the late 1970s as a distinct field within exercise science.

Sport Nutrition Credentials

  • Certifications:
    • Certified Sports Nutritionist by the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN): Premier certification.
    • Board-Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics (CSSD): Established in 2005, first and only accredited by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA).

History of Sport Science

  • Origins:
    • Developed from broad preventive health beginnings of physical education into a distinct discipline like exercise science and kinesiology in higher education.

Sport Nutrition Research Methods

  • Research Techniques:
    • Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) are the gold standard to determine causality between:
    • Exposure to foods, nutrients, or nutritional practices
    • Physiological or biological outcome measures (e.g., body composition, performance metrics, biomarkers)

Sports Nutrition Global Market Overview

  • Market Report 2025 Projections:
    • Market Size:
    • 2024: $43.49 billion
    • 2025: $47.7 billion
    • Estimated growth with a CAGR of 10.7%, aiming for $71.66 billion by 2029.

Sport Analytics Research

  • Definition:
    • Sport analytics involves advanced statistics, data visualization, and data management.
  • Application:
    • Used by sport scientists to improve athlete training and gain a competitive advantage.

Overview of Knowledge in Sport Performance

  1. Strength and Conditioning: Involves various training theories that enhance health and motor performance.
  2. Sport Nutrition Theory: Explains food as energy and how diets and supplements support athletic performance.
  3. Sport Analytics Theory: Focuses on data management, accurate interpretation, and presentation of performance and training data.

Key Terms in Strength and Conditioning

  • Fundamental Concepts:
    • Specificity: Training should be relevant to the sport.
    • Overload: The principle of placing greater than normal demands on the body.
    • Progression: Gradually increasing resistance or difficulty to foster improvements.
    • Frequency: Number of training sessions in a given time period.
    • Duration: Length of a single exercise bout.
    • Volume: Total training stimulus in an exercise session, can be increased progressively.

General Workout/Recovery Cycle

  • Cycle Overview:
    • Phases:
    • Training Stimulus ➔ Recovery ➔ Fatigue ➔ Performance ➔ Baseline Fitness ➔ Supercompensation.
  • Key Concepts:
    • Variation of Training
    • Reversibility: Loss of fitness when training stops.
    • Detraining: Returning to baseline fitness after stopping training.
    • Deloading: Reducing training volume or intensity to recover.

Periodization in Training

  • Definition:
    • Structured approach to training focusing on planned variations in training loads.
  • Considerations:
    • Phases related to preparation (TF1) and competition (TF2).

Key Terms in Sport Nutrition

  • Macronutrients: Nutrients that provide energy and are necessary for growth and repair.
    • Calories (kcal): Energy consumed through food, commonly referred to as Calories.
  • Water: Essential nutrient for survival and overall function of the body.
  • Micronutrients: Organic compounds that include vitamins, minerals, and trace elements essential for health.

Proteins in Nutrition

  • Importance:
    • Crucial for growth, tissue repair, and as structural components of cells.
  • Composition:
    • Proteins are built from amino acids.

Amino Acids Overview

  • Types:
    • Essential amino acids: Cannot be synthesized in the body; must be obtained through diet.
    • Nonessential amino acids: Synthesized in the body from other amino acids.
    • Conditionally essential amino acids: Synthesized but dietary intake is preferred for efficiency.

Carbohydrates in Nutrition

  • Role:
    • Primary energy source during prolonged exercise; classified as either simple or complex carbohydrates.
  • Impact:
    • Important for maintaining muscle and liver glycogen levels, crucial for delaying fatigue onset.

Dietary Fats

  • Function:
    • Integral for cellular structure and function, maintaining membrane integrity and overall health.
  • Classification:
    • Dietary fats are categorized primarily into saturated and unsaturated fats.

Sports Analytics Framework

  • Core Characteristics:
    • Data management: Efficient handling and processing of data.
    • Analytic models: Frameworks used for data interpretation and strategy formulation.
    • Information systems: Systems that support data collection, analysis, and dissemination within the sport.

Career Path for Personal Trainers

  • Requirements:

    • Educational Background: Bachelor’s or master’s degree in kinesiology or a related health field.
    • Certifications:
    • ACSM certified personal trainer is recommended; CPR certification/AED required.

  • Certifications and Experience: Necessary for qualification in training specific populations.

Strength and Conditioning Coach Role

  • Responsibilities:
    • Developing and implementing training programs for athletes across various sports.
    • Enhancing muscular strength, endurance, cardiovascular fitness, flexibility, and movement skills to improve performance.

Strength and Conditioning Specialist Salaries in the USA

  • National Average Salary: $49,233/year (approximately $24/hour).
    • Salary Range:
    • Top earners: $70,500/year
    • 75th Percentile: $57,500/year
    • 25th Percentile: $40,000/year
  • Sources: Salary estimates derived from various data sources, including employer job postings.

Sports Nutritionist Career Path

  • Requirements:
    • A bachelor's degree in nutrition, dietetics, or exercise science, followed by a supervised practice program (internship) and passing a registration exam.
    • Advanced roles may require a master's degree and certifications like CSSD.

Sports Dietitian Salary in the USA

  • National Average Salary: $76,000/year (approximately $37/hour).
    • Salary Range:
    • Top earners: $100,000/year
    • 75th Percentile: $88,500/year
    • 25th Percentile: $60,500/year.
  • Sources: Salary estimates derived from various job postings and data comparisons.