Chapter 25-27

  1. Flashcard #1
    Term: Black Tuesday
    Definition: October 29, 1929 - The stock market crashed and essentially ushered in the Great Depression.

    Flashcard #2
    Term: Causes of Depression
    Definition: The economy was too dependent on a very small number of industries, customers were too poor to purchase goods, too much credit extended, decreasing European demand for American goods, and accumulating European debt leading to default.

    Flashcard #3
    Term: Progress of the Depression
    Definition: Stock market collapse, bank bankruptcies, decreased money supply, decreased purchasing power, and companies cutting prices, production, and employees.

    Flashcard #4
    Term: Unemployment
    Definition: Estimated at 25% or more in 1932. Averaged 20% throughout the 1930s and never got below 15%. Some cities saw rates as high as 80%.

    Flashcard #5
    Term: Relief
    Definition: Financial assistance to the unemployed through various government agencies.

    Flashcard #6
    Term: Dust Bowl
    Definition: A severe drought during the 1930s that caused millions of acres of farmland to dry up and blow away.

    Flashcard #7
    Term: Scottsboro Case
    Definition: In 1931, nine black teenagers were accused of raping two white women in Alabama and were sentenced to death by an all-white jury.

    Flashcard #8
    Term: The Depression’s impact on Families
    Definition: Women learned to sew clothes, preserve food, and take in laundry, while families often broke up or moved in with relatives.

    Flashcard #9
    Term: Dale Carnegie
    Definition: Author of 'How to Win Friends and Influence People', promoting the value of individual initiative.

    Flashcard #10
    Term: John Steinbeck
    Definition: Author of the novel 'The Grapes of Wrath', depicting the trials of a family of 'Oakies' migrating to California.

    Flashcard #11
    Term: Escapist Radio Shows
    Definition: Radio shows that provided entertainment during the Great Depression.

    Flashcard #12
    Term: Life Magazine
    Definition: Popularized photojournalism and occasionally portrayed conditions during the depression.

    Flashcard #13
    Term: Abraham Lincoln Brigade
    Definition: A group of over 3000 young Americans who fought in Spain against Franco's fascist forces.

    Flashcard #14
    Term: Popular Front
    Definition: The American Communist Party's alignment with downtrodden groups, gaining support while following orders from the Comintern in Moscow.

    Flashcard #15
    Term: Agricultural Marketing Act
    Definition: Established by Hoover to help farmers maintain prices, it was largely ineffective.

    Flashcard #16
    Term: Hawley Smoot Tariff
    Definition: Raised tariff rates to protect farm products, but led to retaliatory trade restrictions from other countries.

    Flashcard #17
    Term: Hoovervilles
    Definition: Makeshift shantytowns established by the destitute on the outskirts of cities, named after President Hoover.

    Flashcard #18
    Term: Reconstruction Finance Corporation
    Definition: A government agency established by Hoover to provide federal loans to banks, railroads, and local governments.

    Flashcard #19
    Term: Bonus Army
    Definition: In 1932, WWI veterans marched to Congress demanding early payment of their promised bonuses.

    Flashcard #20
    Term: Franklin D. Roosevelt
    Definition: Wealthy, educated at Harvard and Columbia, he promised a 'New Deal' for Americans and overcame polio.

    Flashcard #21
    Term: Fireside chats
    Definition: Informal radio broadcasts by FDR explaining his plans and making the public feel cared for.

    Flashcard #22
    Term: Bank Holiday
    Definition: FDR ordered all banks to close for four days to stabilize the banking system.

    Flashcard #23
    Term: 21st Amendment
    Definition: Repealed Prohibition in 1933.

    Flashcard #24
    Term: Henry Wallace
    Definition: Secretary of Agriculture during the FDR administration.

    Flashcard #25
    Term: Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
    Definition: Government paid farmers subsidies to lower production; struck down in 1936 by the Supreme Court.

    Flashcard #26
    Term: Rural Electrification Administration (REA)
    Definition: Led by Hugh Johnson, aimed at extending electricity to rural areas.

    Flashcard #27
    Term: National Recovery Administration (NRA)
    Definition: Involved government regulation of industries to stimulate economic recovery.

    Flashcard #28
    Term: Tennessee Valley Authority
    Definition: Government initiative to develop the Tennessee River watershed, building dams and canals.

    Flashcard #29
    Term: Gold Standard (1933)
    Definition: FDR took the US off the gold standard to manipulate currency value.

    Flashcard #30
    Term: Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
    Definition: Guaranteed the security of bank deposits up to $2500; now $250,000.

    Flashcard #31
    Term: Securities and Exchange Commission
    Definition: Established to police the stock market.

    Flashcard #32
    Term: Federal Emergency Relief Administration
    Definition: Provided cash grants to states for local relief agencies, led by Harry Hopkins.

    Flashcard #33
    Term: Civil Works Administration (CWA)
    Definition: Allowed people to work for the money the government was providing.

    Flashcard #34
    Term: Keynesian Economics
    Definition: Philosophy stating government spending stimulates a sluggish economy.

    Flashcard #35
    Term: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
    Definition: Provided jobs on conservation projects for over 500,000 young men.

    Flashcard #36
    Term: American Liberty League
    Definition: Formed by wealthy opponents of FDR who opposed his policies.

    Flashcard #37
    Term: Dr. Francis E. Townsend
    Definition: Proposed a pension plan for the elderly, advocating they spend it to stimulate the economy.

    Flashcard #38
    Term: Father Coughlin
    Definition: Catholic priest advocating for monetary reform and creating the National Union for Social Justice.

    Flashcard #39
    Term: Huey Long
    Definition: Louisiana governor and senator who proposed the Share-Our-Wealth Plan; assassinated in 1936.

    Flashcard #40
    Term: National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) 1935
    Definition: Required employers to bargain with legitimate unions.

    Flashcard #41
    Term: Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)
    Definition: A group representing industrial workers.

    Flashcard #42
    Term: United Auto Workers
    Definition: Utilized the 'sit-down-strike' in 1936 to force GM to recognize them.

    Flashcard #43
    Term: Social Security Act 1935
    Definition: Provided financial help for the elderly, disabled, unemployed, and dependent children.

    Flashcard #44
    Term: Works Progress Administration (WPA)
    Definition: Founded by Harry Hopkins as an extension of the CWA.

    Flashcard #45
    Term: Alfred M. Landon
    Definition: Kansas governor who ran for president in 1936.

    Flashcard #46
    Term: Court-packing Plan
    Definition: FDR's attempt to appoint justices that would support his policies.

    Flashcard #47
    Term: Recession of 1937
    Definition: Economic crisis resulting from FDR's decision to cut spending.

    Flashcard #48
    Term: Broker State
    Definition: Elevated interest groups and regulated competition among various economic groups.

    Flashcard #49
    Term: Indian Reorganization Act
    Definition: Legislation allowing Indians to preserve tribal identities.

    Flashcard #50
    Term: Cultural Relativism
    Definition: Philosophy asserting that all cultures are valid and important in their own right.

    Flashcard #51
    Term: Frances Perkins
    Definition: Secretary of Labor, notable for her influence on labor policies during the New Deal.

    Flashcard #52
    Term: Economic Impact of the New Deal
    Definition: Helped protect groups from suffering, halted further economic decay, and increased government role in the economy.

    Flashcard #53
    Term: Isolationism
    Definition: America’s desire to close off from the world and shrink international responsibilities.

    Flashcard #54
    Term: Washington Conference
    Definition: Produced agreements to preserve world peace, including the Five Power Pact defining naval tonnage.

    Flashcard #55
    Term: Kellogg-Briand Pact
    Definition: Agreement among nations to outlaw war as national policy without enforcement provisions.

    Flashcard #56
    Term: Mussolini
    Definition: Leader of Italy from 1922 to 1943.

    Flashcard #57
    Term: Hitler
    Definition: Leader of Germany during the rise of the Third Reich.

    Flashcard #58
    Term: Neutrality Acts of 1935-1937
    Definition: Legislation to prevent US involvement in European conflicts.

    Flashcard #59
    Term: Axis
    Definition: Alliance between Germany and Italy during WWII.

    Flashcard #60
    Term: Panay Incident
    Definition: Refers to the sinking of an American gunboat by Japanese forces.

    Flashcard #61
    Term: German Aggression (1936-1939)
    Definition: Period of territorial expansion and military aggression by Germany.

    Flashcard #62
    Term: Munich Conference (1938)
    Definition: Meeting where attempts were made to appease Hitler.

    Flashcard #63
    Term: Blitzkrieg
    Definition: A fast, surprise military attack strategy employed by Germany during WWII.

    Flashcard #64
    Term: World War II (1939-1945)
    Definition: Global conflict involving most of the world's nations.

    Flashcard #65
    Term: Winston Churchill
    Definition: British Prime Minister during WWII.

    Flashcard #66
    Term: Lend-Lease
    Definition: Program where the US provided military aid to Britain and later the USSR.

    Flashcard #67
    Term: Atlantic Charter
    Definition: Joint declaration by the US and UK outlining goals for the post-war world.

    Flashcard #68
    Term: Hideki Tojo
    Definition: Japanese military leader during World War II.

    Flashcard #69
    Term: Pearl Harbor
    Definition: Site of the Japanese attack that led the US to enter WWII