Organic Reactions Summary

Chemical Reactions

Types of Reactions

• Addition Reaction: Atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond. Example: $C<em>3H</em>6 + H<em>2 \rightarrow C</em>3H_8$

• Substitution Reaction: One atom or group is replaced by another. Example: $CH<em>4 + Br</em>2 \rightarrow CH_3Br + HBr$

• Esterification: Alcohol + Organic Acid $\rightarrow$ Ester + Water. Example: $CH<em>3COOH + CH</em>3OH \rightarrow CH<em>3COOCH</em>3 + H_2O$

• Polymerization: Small molecules (monomers) join to form a large molecule (polymer). Example: $nC<em>2H</em>4 \rightarrow (-C<em>2H</em>4-)_n$

• Fermentation: Anaerobic process converting sugar to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Example: $C<em>6H</em>{12}O<em>6 \rightarrow 2C</em>2H<em>5OH + 2CO</em>2$

• Saponification: Hydrolysis of fat with a strong base to produce soap and glycerol.

• Combustion: Substance reacts rapidly with oxygen, producing heat and light. Example: $CH<em>4 + 2O</em>2 \rightarrow CO<em>2 + 2H</em>2O$

Identifying Reactions & Products

• Addition Reactions: Occur in compounds with multiple bonds.

• Ethene Reactions: Ethene ($C<em>2H</em>4$) reacts with hydrogen to produce ethane ($C<em>2H</em>6$); with bromine to form 1,2-dibromoethane ($C<em>2H</em>4Br_2$); polymerizes to form polyethylene.

• Ester Formation: Organic acid + alcohol.

• Methyl ethanoate: Formed from ethanoic acid ($CH<em>3COOH$) and methanol ($CH</em>3OH$).

• Ethyl ethanoate: From ethanol ($C<em>2H</em>5OH$) and ethanoic acid ($C<em>2H</em>5COOH$).

• Fermentation Products: Sugars $\rightarrow$ ethanol + carbon dioxide.

• Saponification Products: Fat + base $\rightarrow$ soap + glycerol.

• Stoichiometry: Coefficients in balanced equations indicate molar ratios. Example: $2H<em>2 + O</em>2 \rightarrow 2H_2O$ (2 moles of hydrogen react with 1 mole of oxygen to produce 2 moles of water).

• Identifying Compounds by Formula:

  • Molecular Formula: Exact number of each atom.

  • Empirical Formula: Simplest whole number ratio of atoms.

  • Structural Formula: Shows atom connections; use with Table R to identify functional groups.

Key Terms

• Monomers: Small molecules forming a polymer.

• Polymers: Large molecules of repeating monomer units.

Oxidation

• Aldehydes: Synthesized by oxidation of primary alcohols.

Hydrolysis

• Saponification: Hydrolysis of animal fats by a strong base produces soap.

Complete Combustion

• Methane: Yields water and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$).

Note

• Equations are general and may not be balanced.

• Predict products based on reactants.

• Ethyne, ethene, ethane, and ethyl refer to alkyne, alkene, alkane, and alkyl group.

Organic Chemistry Overview

Introduction

• Organic chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.

• Importance of Carbon: Forms stable chains/rings with other elements.

Drawing Molecules

• Structural Formulas: Show all atoms and bonds.

• Condensed Formulas: Atoms bonded to carbon are listed next to it (e.g., $CH<em>3CH</em>2OH$).

• Line-Angle Formulas: Carbons at corners/ends, hydrogens not shown.

Isomers

• Definition: Same molecular formula, different structures.

• Types:

  • Structural Isomers: Differ in atom connections.

  • Stereoisomers: Same connections, different spatial arrangement.

  • Geometric Isomers: Restricted rotation around double bond/ring.

  • Enantiomers: Non-superimposable mirror images.

Identifying Compounds

• Functional Groups: Atoms responsible for chemical reactions:

  • Alcohols: -OH

  • Ethers: R-O-R'

  • Aldehydes: -CHO

  • Ketones: R-CO-R'

  • Carboxylic Acids: -COOH

  • Esters: -COOR

  • Amines: -$NH*2$, -NHR, -$NR*2$</p></li></ul></li></ul><p>Identifying Compound Class from Reaction/Equation:</p><ul><li><p>Organic Acids: Contain -COOH group; involved in esterification.</p></li><li><p>Acids: Donate a proton ($H^+$, Table K); look for proton donation or salt formation.</p></li><li><p>Carboxylic Acids: Have -COOH functional group; participate in esterification/neutralization.</p></li><li><p>Functional Groups: Use Table R to identify; helps classify and predict reactivity.</p></li></ul><p>Spectroscopy</p><ul><li><p>Techniques (NMR, IR, Mass Spectrometry) used to determine structure.</p></li></ul><p>Using Table R</p><ul><li><p>Provides functional groups, formulas, and examples.</p><ul><li><p>How to Use:</p></li></ul><ol><li><p>Identify the Functional Group: Look for specific arrangements of atoms (e.g., -OH for alcohols, -COOH for carboxylic acids).</p></li><li><p>Refer to Table R</p></li></ol></li></ul><p>Table P: Organic Prefixes</p><ul><li><p>Meth-: 1 Carbon</p></li><li><p>Eth-: 2 Carbons</p></li><li><p>Prop-: 3 Carbons</p></li><li><p>But-: 4 Carbons</p></li><li><p>Pent-: 5 Carbons</p></li><li><p>Hex-: 6 Carbons</p></li><li><p>Hept-: 7 Carbons</p></li><li><p>Oct-: 8 Carbons</p></li><li><p>Non-: 9 Carbons</p></li><li><p>Dec-: 10 Carbons</p></li></ul><p>Table Q: Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons</p><p>Here are examples of each type of reaction:</p><ul><li><p>Addition Reaction:$C3H6 + H2 \rightarrow C3H_8$</p></li><li><p>Substitution Reaction:$CH4 + Br2 \rightarrow CH_3Br + HBr$</p></li><li><p>Esterification:$CH3COOH + CH3OH \rightarrow CH3COOCH3 + H_2O$</p></li><li><p>Polymerization:$nC2H4 \rightarrow (-C2H4-)_n$</p></li><li><p>Fermentation:$C6H_{12}O6 \rightarrow 2C2H5OH + 2CO*2$</p></li><li><p>Saponification: Hydrolysis of fat with a strong base to produce soap and glycerol.</p></li><li><p>Combustion:$CH4 + 2O2 \rightarrow CO*2 + 2H_2O$</p></li></ul><p></p><p>Here are examples of each type of reaction:</p><ul><li><p>Addition Reaction:$C3H6 + H2 \rightarrow C3H_8$</p></li><li><p>Substitution Reaction:$CH4 + Br2 \rightarrow CH_3Br + HBr$</p></li><li><p>Esterification:$CH3COOH + CH3OH \rightarrow CH3COOCH3 + H_2O$</p></li><li><p>Polymerization:$nC2H4 \rightarrow (-C2H4-)_n$</p></li><li><p>Fermentation:$C6H_{12}O6 \rightarrow 2C2H5OH + 2CO*2$</p></li><li><p>Saponification: Hydrolysis of fat with a strong base to produce soap and glycerol.</p></li><li><p>Combustion:$CH4 + 2O2 \rightarrow CO*2 + 2H_2O$</p></li></ul><p></p><p>Here are examples of each type of reaction:</p><ul><li><p>Addition Reaction:$C3H6 + H2 \rightarrow C3H_8$</p></li><li><p>Substitution Reaction:$CH4 + Br2 \rightarrow CH_3Br + HBr$</p></li><li><p>Esterification:$CH3COOH + CH3OH \rightarrow CH3COOCH3 + H_2O$</p></li><li><p>Polymerization:$nC2H4 \rightarrow (-C2H4-)_n$</p></li><li><p>Fermentation:$C6H_{12}O6 \rightarrow 2C2H5OH + 2CO*2$</p></li><li><p>Saponification: Hydrolysis of fat with a strong base to produce soap and glycerol.</p></li><li><p>Combustion:$CH4 + 2O2 \rightarrow CO*2 + 2H_2O$$