W4: Economic Development

L1

Week Four Overview of Maori 212

Housekeeping and Announcements

• Apology for Confusion:

  • Tutorial changes from last week were confusing for some students.

• Tutorial Schedule:

  • Thursday tutorial now at 3 PM in Te Ao Marama Room 250.

  • Wednesday tutorial also in Room 250 (change made last week).

• Instructor Updates:

  • Maya has departed for new opportunities; students have instructors Morina and Roach.

  • Encouragement for students to reach out for help.

• Check-ins:

  • Inquiry about students’ weekends; general positive engagement.

Course Content Overview

• Current Topics:

  • This week focuses on economic development, concluding before transitioning to social development next week.

  • Importance of the current week’s lessons for upcoming essays.

• Relationship Emphasis:

  • Discussion on the relationship between economic development and Te Nooranga Te Ratanga.

  • Wednesday’s class will focus on identifying risks and opportunities in economic development.

Quiz Information

• Online Quiz:

  • Opened at 9 AM today; must be completed by 5 PM on Sunday.

  • Worth 10% of the final grade.

  • 40 minutes allocated to finish once started.

  • Revision material covers lectures 2 to 6.

  • Strong recommendation to avoid procrastination until the final hours before the deadline.

Essay Information

• Essay Details:

  • Worth 25% of the overall grade.

  • Due on the Monday of the first week of term break.

  • Students are urged to attend tutorials for essay planning and preparation.

• Essay Question:

  • "Describe the role of economic development in relation to Maori self-determination and identify two risks and two opportunities facing Maori economic development in the contemporary era."

• Contemporary Era Definition:

  • Defined as the period from 1975 onwards, marking significant Maori development phases.

Essay Planning Strategies

• Advise to Focus on:

  • Both parts of the essay question (economic development and risks/opportunities).

  • Noting that treaty settlements are not counted as opportunities; their application is what counts.

• Initial Research:

  • Recommended to begin with assigned readings for research but expand through other scholarly sources.

  • Utilize resources at Macmillan Brown Library and Academic Skills Centre for additional support.

• Word Count Guidelines:

  • Standard limit of 1,500 words. History 379 students have a 2,500-word limit with 10% leeway permitted in both cases.

• Key Aspects of Economic Development to Cover:

  • Generation of income, wealth, and asset base.

  • Availability of resources such as land, labor, and equipment.

  • Development of sustainable revenue streams.

  • Identification of systemic barriers impacting Maori economic development.

  • Connection to Te Nooranga Te Ratanga.

Maori Self-Determination Concepts

• Importance of Tino Rangatiratanga:

  • Definition of relationships regarding self-determination for families (whanau), subtribes (hapu), and tribes (iwi).

• Ta Mason jury’s Argument:

  • Aim of Maori development towards societal participation to close gaps and encourage participation in te ao Maori.

• Historical Context:

  • Reference to readings by jury for insights into Maori development.

  • Essential link of economic development in financing other areas of development.

• Case Study:

  • Mention of Naitahu as an example of successful self-sustainable initiatives reducing dependency on the government and ending cycles of poverty.

Treaty Settlements and Economic Development

• Historical Injustice Addressed:

  • Recognition of treaty settlements as not truly compensatory, estimated at 2% of actual loss values.

• Ngai Tahu Example:

  • Received $170 million in economic redress which constitutes merely 1-2% of the actual economic value of the land lost.

• Types of Settlements:

  • Discussion on both iwi-specific settlements and pan-Maori settlements (e.g., Maori Fisheries Settlement).

• Pan-Maori Settlements Value:

  • Fisheries settlement – approximately $170 million.

  • Aquaculture settlement – approximately $150 million.

  • Language and broadcasting settlements – approximately $500 million held by government entities.

Importance of Iwi Specific Land Settlements

• Recognition Beyond Monetary Value:

  • Importance of acknowledging historical injustices in commercial dealings; settlements enable shifts toward empowered self-determination.

• Key Components of Treaty Settlements:

  • Includes an apology from the Crown acknowledging historical injustices.

  • Cultural redress involving the return of land and significant sites.

  • Commercial redress, including cash and the right of first refusal on Crown assets.

Settlement Process Overview

• Key Phases of Treaty Settlement Process:

  • Pre-negotiation frameworks established.

  • Mandates from individual iwi are necessary for negotiation with the Crown.

  • Claimant funding arrangements must be established, often requiring substantial loans to proceed.

• Steps in the Process:

  • Agreement in principle.

  • Deed of settlement.

  • Iwi ratification through postal ballot.

  • Finalization through legislative action where assets are officially transferred.

• Duration of Settlement Negotiations:

  • Typically over five years due to complex inter iwi dynamics and ongoing negotiations regarding industrial and cultural redress.

Fishing Rights and Marine Resources

• Discussion on Article Two of the Treaty:

  • Emphasis on Maori rights to fish and marine resources, pivotal for both sustenance and cultural significance.

  • Challenges to fishing rights and the introduction of a quota management system in 1987.

• Interim Agreement of 1989:

  • Implementation of the QMS, providing Maori with financial compensation and fish stocks in return for ceasing claims against marine and freshwater fisheries.

• Importance of Fisheries in Maori Identity:

  • Recognition of traditional fishing practices as essential for cultural identity and livelihood.

Sea Lord Deal Overview

• Detailed Description of the Settlement:

  • Encompassed a 50% shareholding in Sea Lord Products Limited and a significant stake in fish stocks.

• Legal Developments:

  • The establishment of the Treaty of Waitangi Fisheries Commission to manage assets.

  • Recognition of Maori fishing for both customary and commercial purposes.

• Legislative Milestones:

  • Passing of the Maori Fisheries Act 2004.

  • Growth of Maori fisheries valuation to over $750 million by 2004.

Tree Lords Deal Overview

• Context of the Settlement:

  • Largest settlement involving returning $195 million worth of Crown forest land to seven Central North Island iwi.

  • Accrued rental income of approximately $223 million since 1989, totaling over $400 million in benefits.

• Fiscal Outcomes:

  • Continuous income generation with annual gains of about $20 million.

• Statement from Parliament:

  • Confirms that treaty settlements aim for redress for Crown treaty breaches, emphasizing economic basis for future iwi development.

Opportunities and Risks in Maori Economic Development

• Ongoing Economic Contributions:

  • Maori economy worth approximately $126 billion, increasing from $80 billion since course inception.

  • Major contributions from primary industries: fishing, farming, forestry.

• Discussion on Pan-Iwi Opportunities:

  • Tourism, property development, and collaboration with government.

• Framing Questions for Essays:

  • Exploration of potential opportunities against developing economic bases while recognizing associated risks such as government policy and intratribal grievances.

L2

Introduction

• Lecture date: Wednesday

• Focus: Ngai Tahu as a case study related to Maori economic development.

• Key themes: Risks and opportunities in the context of Ngai Tahu.

• Important quote: Mo Tato, Mo Ka Uri, Mure Akene – indicating considerations for future generations.

Administrative Notes

• Online quiz: Open, with a deadline on Sunday at 5 PM.

  • Students encouraged to email questions or issues.

• Essay reminder: Due in March, focusing on the role of economic development in relation to Maori self-determination, including two risks and two opportunities.

  • Structure suggestion:

  • Body Paragraph 1: Economic development in the context of Maori self-determination.

  • Body Paragraphs 2 & 3: Two opportunities and two risks.

  • No definitive number of paragraphs, but a suggestion of two to three body paragraphs focusing on the word count of 1,500.

Case Studies Overview

• Ngai Tahu Pounamu, Seafood, Farming, and Tourism as primary subjects.

• Importance of connecting previous lectures with current topics on economic development.

Ngai Tahu Pounamu

• Legislative context:

  • Ponamu Vesting Act of 1997 – granted ownership of Pounamu to Ngai Tahu through their settlement.

• Development of Authentication Framework in 2010:

  • Trace authenticity of Pounamu through special codes on purchased items.

• Geographic context:

  • Pounamu is only found in specific territories, primarily associated with Whangati Wai Wai.

• Wai Wai Pounamu launched in 2013:

  • Offers Pounamu jewelry and employs tribal members.

  • Online trading has expanded, allowing for better market access.

Opportunities of Ngai Tahu Pounamu

• Unique and artisanal products in demand.

• Cultural significance:

  • Used as gifts for special occasions, e.g., graduation ceremonies for Maori students.

• Employment opportunities through carving and related positions.

• Financial benefits contribute to Te Runanga and the wider Ngai Tahu community.

• Knowledge transmission and skill succession planning in carving practices enhancing cultural revitalization.

Risks of Ngai Tahu Pounamu

• Fragility of Pounamu:

  • Difficult to repair, requiring skilled carvers.

• Competition from overseas manufacturers selling counterfeit products.

• Market limitations due to high costs (e.g., lowest price around $100).

• Sales fluctuations impacting employment opportunities and apprenticeships.

Ngai Tahu Seafood

• Overview of Pan-Maori fishery settlement and its implications for Ngai Tahu fisheries.

• Establishment of Ngai Tahu Seafoods, rooted in historical practices of seafood collection.

• Quota management:

  • Accessing quotas and management focuses on sustainability.

  • Leasing practices to ensure stock health and sustainable fishing.

• Range of products includes high-end seafood like lobsters, wet fish, abalones, mussels, and bluff oysters.

Opportunities of Ngai Tahu Seafood

• Evolution of traditional mahinga kai practices.

• Over 50 Ngai Tahu-owned seafood businesses.

• Quotas valued at approximately $144 million annually.

• Significant investment in research and development enhances operational efficacy.

Risks of Ngai Tahu Seafood

• Climate change impacts:

  • Rising ocean temperatures, acidification affecting species behaviors.

• Resource scarcity and overfishing concerns risking collapse of marine populations.

• Pollution concerns, including plastic and microplastics, affecting product integrity and consumer health.

Ngai Tahu Farming

• Overview of Ngai Tahu agriculture:

  • Emphasis on Marakai (food gardens), with potential for higher values in agricultural outputs.

• Derived land ownership and rights from settlement including first refusal options.

• Conversion of former forest lands to agricultural endeavors aimed at quicker returns on investment.

Opportunities of Ngai Tahu Farming

• Crop diversification in warmer climates, increasing productivity opportunities (e.g., avocados).

• Value-based branding promoting sustainability and community benefits.

• Alignment with best practices in agricultural technology through partnerships (e.g., Lincoln University).

Risks of Ngai Tahu Farming

• Environmental impact concerns, especially regarding waterway health and biodiversity.

• Climate change leading to significant agricultural challenges, such as drought and crop viability.

• Resource constraints may necessitate difficult choices regarding land use and crop selection.

Ngai Tahu Tourism

• Historical roots in tourism dating back to early European explorers.

• Development of tourism initiatives from early guiding practices to modern businesses.

• Portfolio expansions stemming from treaty settlements, exemplified by ventures like the Shotover Jet.

Opportunities of Ngai Tahu Tourism

• Impact on local tourism culture and influence over South Island tourism.

• Showcasing Maori culture and landscape, integral for attracting global tourists.

Risks of Ngai Tahu Tourism

• Environmental degradation associated with increased tourism activity.

• Cultural commodification concerns; performance versus genuine cultural expression.

• Vulnerability to crises such as COVID-19, which severely impacted the tourism sector.

Concluding Remarks

• Key takeaway:

  • Economic development is interwoven with Maori self-determination, presenting diverse opportunities and challenges.

• Investments must align with tribal values focusing on sustainability, cultural integrity, and community benefits.

• Importance of balancing economic goals with environmental stewardship and cultural authenticity.

Final Notes

• Next topic: Social development, focusing on wahine (women) issues.

• Encouragement to attend tutorials to deepen understanding of today's discussions.

• References and slides made available for further examination.

• Instructor open to questions via email for any clarifications needed.