Study Guide Ch. 16-19 APUSH

Study Sheet: Period 5  (chapters 16-19)

Chapter 16

Must know 

• Institution of Slavery 

  • Slavery on the decline prior to Eli Whitney’s cotton gin

  • After its invention slavery = profitable 

• While slave importation was banned in 1808, smuggling of them continued due to their high demand (despite death sentences to smugglers)

• slave increase (4 million by 1860) mostly due natural reproduction

• Slave life varied, but for slaves everywhere, life meant hard work, no civil or political rights, and whipping if orders were not followed.

• Southern Cotton Production 

  • Cotton = south’s staple crop (“King Cotton”) 

  • Cotton gin = growth of cotton profitable and easier  (more slaves were needed) 

• After 1840, cotton made up half of american exports

• The South produced more than half the world’s supply of cotton

• Held an advantage over countries like England due to their strong demand for cotton (The South believed that England would support the South if civil war broke out) 

• france also imported cotton, but they not that important lol 

• the North still profited from the cotton trade, transported the cotton to England and the rest of Europe

• Free African Americans 

  • Uppersouth: slaves freed due to ideals of idealism of Revolutionary days 

  • Deep south: mainly mulattoes (White father, freed after master death) 

  • Throughout the south: some purchased freedom 

• Many owned property (especially in New Orleans), few even owned slaves 

• Anti-Slavery and Abolitionist movements 

  •  American Colonization Society and their establishment of the  Republic of Liberia

  • Took off in 1830 with the Second Great Awakening and others providing support and advocated for the abolition of slavery 

• Southern defense of slavery as a positive good 

  • Masters taught their slaves religion, made them civilized, treated them well, and gave them “happy” lives

  • Argued that northern free Blacks were persecuted and harassed, southern Black slaves were treated well, given meals, and cared for in old age 

Key Concepts 

• How the expansion of slavery in the deep south and adjacent western lands and rising anti-slavery sentiment began to develop distinct regional attitudes towards the institution 

  • South: one-crop economy dependent on the growth of cotton + slave labor , increasingly monopolistic (as land ran out smaller farmers sold their land to the large estate owners) 

  • North: Large population due to immigration, economy market based used the free labor system (conflicted with slavery) 

• How many white americans in the south asserted their regional identity through pride in the institution of slavery and insisted that the federal government should defend the institution 

  • WHILE only the southern elites could afford to own slaves many southerners supported this institution 

  • knowing they outranked someone was good for their self esteem, and owning a slave was the 1800s  southerners version of the “American Dream” 

  • Author, Sir Walter Scott, helped them idealize a feudal society with them as the kings and queens and the slaves as their subjects 

  • Believed slavery to be a  protected constitution right 

• How many state governments restricted African Americans rights 

  • South:  Free Blacks were prohibited from working in certain occupations and forbidden from testifying against whites in court

  • North: Several states denied free black entrance, most denied them the right to vote and most barred them from public schools

• How antislavery efforts in the south were largely limited to unsuccessful slave rebellions 

  •  Rebellions (ex: 1800 insurrection by a slave named Gabriel in Richmond, Virginia, 1822 Charleston rebellion led by Denmark Vesey, 1831 Nat Turnerrevolt) were never successful.

  • Though as a result of these efforts, whites became paranoid of Black revolts

• Abolitionist and anti slavery movements ______ achieved emancipation in the North and contributed to the growth of ________ population 

  • gradually 

  • free african  American

•  How enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures 

  • Most slaves raised in stable two-parent households 

  • continuity of family identity across generations seen in the widespread practice of naming children after grandparents or adopting the surname of a forebear’s master

  • Africans avoided marriage of first cousins 

  • African mixed Christian religion with their own native religion

  • sang Christian hymns as signals and codes for news of possible freedom; many sang songs that emphasize bondage (“Let my people go.”)

• They also devised ways to make trouble without getting punished too badly, such as working as slowly as they could without getting lashed,  stealing food and sabotaging expensive equipment.

• Occasionally, they poisoned their masters’ food.

•  How enslaved and free African Americans joined political efforts aimed at changing their statues 

  • Some abolitionists, such as Fredrick Douglas, turned to politics as a means to end slavery 

• Increasing Southern ________ and the related growth of Northern ______, _______, and _______  industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties 

  • cotton production 

  • Manufacturing; banking; shipping

•  How southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples and contributed to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity 

  • Dependence on cotton growth and export = need for land and slaves 

•  How, as overcultivation depleted arable land in the southeast, slaveholders began relocating their plantations to move to more fertile lands west of the appalachians where the institution of slavery continued to grow 

  • Excessive growth of cotton drains nutrients from the land’s soil, increased southerns demand for new land and the expansion of slavery   

•  During this time period, antislavery efforts ________ in the north and. While the majority of southerners owned ________, most leaders in the south argued slavery was part of the southern way of life 

  • Increased

  • no slaves

•  How the ideological and economic differences over slavery produced an array of diverging responses from Americas in the North and South 

  • South: Economy dependent on slavery

  • North: Northern resentment against spread of slavery for a variety of reasons (for some it was due racial prejudice rather than humanitarian idealism) 

•  How African Americans and white abolitionists, although a minority of the north, mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery presenting moral arguments against the institution, assisting slave escapes and sometimes expressing a willingness to use violence to achieve their goals 

  •  Many abolitionists’ speeches provoked violence and mob outbursts in the North (ex: 1834 trashing of Lewis Tappan’s New York House) 

  • Reverend Elijah P. Lovejoy of Alton, Illinois, had his printing press destroyed four times and was killed by a mob in 1837; became an abolitionist martyr.

  • 1850: abolitionist outcries had an impact on northern minds, were beginning to sway more and more toward their side 

•  How the north’s expanding manufacturing economy relied on free labor in contrast the the southern economy’s dependence on slave labor 

  •  Free labor = working for wages or owning a farm or shop as opposed to being reliant on slaves

  • slavery was dangerous due to its effects on reliance and lack of economic independence

• defenders of slavery based their arguments on racial doctrines, based view that slavery was a _______ social good and the belief that slavery and slave rights were protected by the _________

  • Positive

  • Constitution 

Contextualization:  

• How does the institution of slavery fit the regional history of the south and the national history of the United states. How do the regional and national perspectives alter your understanding of slavery from 1793 to 1860?  

Interpretation: 

• In “Varying Viewpoints: What is the Nature of Slavery?” What interpretation of slavery is best sustained based on the evidence in the chapter? What are specific examples to support your answer?

Patterns of Continuity and Change:

•  Regarding the institution of slavery and debates over it’s existence from 1793 to 1860 

Key Terms

• West africa squadron 

  • Part of the Royal Navy (Britain outlawed the slave trade in 1807) 

  •  Goal was to suppress the Atlantic slave trade by patrolling the coast of West Africa

  • Seized hundred of slave ships and freed those held captive 

  • Despite effort, many slaves still shipped to Brazil and West Indies 

• Breakers

  • Whip favored over wage incentive system 

  • Specialized  Slave drivers who used the lash to "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves.

• Black belt

  • Stretches from South Carolina and Georgia to Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana 

  • Region of the southern frontier where king cotton’s growth first escalated 

  • Majority of slaves concentrated here 

• Responsorial

  • Congregation punctuated minister's remarks with accents and amens 

  • Adaptation of an African ring shout dance (the give and take between callers and dancers) 

• Nat turner’s rebellion 

  • Slave uprising led by Nat Turner 

  • 60 virginians (mostly women and children) killed 

  • Quickly put down 

• Amistad

  • Slave ship 

  • 18939: Enslaved Africans revolted against Spanish captors and took command of the ship 

  • Tried to sail back to Africa but ended up on Long Island

  • After months in prison, and trials, freedom won by John Quincy Adams 

  • Returned to Sierra Leone (british colony) 

• American Colonization society 

  • Founded by early abolitionists 

• Liberia 

  • Established to send back former slaves (capital Monrovia, named after president monroe) 

  • Many did NOT want to sent there (african americans americanized and held a distinctive history and identity)

• The Liberator 

  • Published by William Lloyd Garrison 

  • Abolitionist publication, against the “poisonous weed of slavery” (such a slay) 

• American Anti-Slavery Society 

  • Founded by dedicated abolitionists who were big fans of Garrison’s standards 👍

• Appeal to the colored citizens of the world 

  • Advocated for the bloody end to white supremacy 

• Narrative life of Fredrick Douglas 

  • Autobiography of Fredrick Douglas 

  • Discussed experience being mixed, having to learn how to read and write, and escape to the north 

• Mason-Dixon line 

  • Originally located at the southern boundary of colonial pennsylvania 

• Gag resolution 

  • Driven by southern congressmen 

  • Forbid the raising, consideration, or discussion of slavery in the House of Rep

People to know

• William T. Johnson  (“Barber of Natchez”) 

  • Free black

  • owned slaves , master of 15 bondsmen 

• Nat Turner

  • Black preacher

  • Led the Nat Turner’s rebellion 

• William Wilberforce

  • British 

  • Member of parliament

  • Evangelical Christian reformer 

  • Inspired and convinced many American abolitionist to turn against the sin of slavery 

• Theodore Dwight Weld 

  • One of the many American abolitionists inspired by William Wilberforce 

  • Preached anti slavery gospel across the old northwest 

  • Assembled the propaganda pamphlet American Slavery as it is (greatly influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin)  

• William Lloyd Garrison 

  • Reformer

  • Son of a drunken father and the second great awakening 

  • Publisher of the Liberator 

  • HOWEVER more concerned with own righteousness rather than actual evil of slavery 

• David Walker

  • Black abolitionist 

  • Writer of Appeal to the colored citizens of the world 

• Sojourner Truth 

  • Free black women 

  • Advocated for BOTH black emancipation and women's rights 

• Martin Delany 

  • Black leader 

  • fought for Black rights.

  • Fan of mass recolonization (one of the few who seriously reconsidered Black relocation to Africa) 

• Fredrick Douglas 

  • Black abolitionist who escaped slavery 

  • Gave really good anti-slavery speeches and lectured widely for the cause despite attacks against him

  • Looked to politics in order to end slavery  

Chapter 17

Must know 

• Manifest Destiny

  • Emotional upsurge 

  •  The U.S. was destined to expand across the continent and get as much land as possible 

• Westward expansion

  •  American settlement west 

• Mexican-American War 

  • Fought due to strained tensions between both countries and American want for Mexican soil bc manifest destiny 

  • As a result of the war Outside countries now respected America more ( made no major blunders and had proven its fighting prowess) 

• The Mexican Cession   

  • Mexican land handed over to the US through battle (Mexican-American War)  or treaties (land bought) 

Key Concepts 

• American acquisition of lands in the west gave rise to contests and security interests, resulted in contests over the _______ of ______ into new territories 

  • Expansion; Slavery 

• How popular enthusiasm for US expansion bolstered by economic and security interests, resulted in the acquisition of _______  and ____________

•  new territories; migration westward 

•  Advocates of annexing western lands argued that _________  and the _______ of American institutions compelled the united states to expand its borders westward to the pacific ocean 

  •  Manifest Destiny

  • superiority 

• How the US added large territories in the west through victory in the mexican american war and diplomatic negotiations, raising questions about the status of _____, _______, and ______ in the newly acquired lands

  •  Slavery; American Indians; mexicans 

• How the Mexican cession led to heated controversies over whether to allow slavery in the newly acquired territories  

  • While Mexican law forbid slavery, Slave states wanted to keep the balance of slave and free states in the senate 

Causation

• What caused the US to declare war on Mexico in the 1840s, and what was its primary cause?  

Argumentation 

• What evidence supports, modifies or refutes the assertion that “the opening shots of the mexican war were the opening shots of the Civil War”  

Key Terms

• Tariff of 1842 

  • Passed (reluctantly) by John Tyler 

  • raised the import tax on foreign goods to protect U.S. industry from European competition

• Caroline

  • An American steamer attacked by a british force across the niagara river 

  • Only one american killed (tho event dramatised by american illustrators) 

  • McLeod (a canadian) bragged about it, and was arrested for murder 

• Creole

  • An American ship captured by 130 rebelling Virginian slaves 

  • Rebels Offered asylum by british officials in the bahamas 

  • Southerners feared that the bahamas would become a haven for escaped slaves 

• Aroostook War 

  • Maine Boundary Dispute 

  • Canadian attempts to build a road westward into disputed territory led to fighting

  • Britain sent Lord Ashburton to negotiate with Daniel Webster (Ashburton-Webster Treaty) 

  • Maine boundary established, british allowed Halifax-Quebec route, and Western US canadian boundary decided 

• Manifest Destiny 

  • first coined by editor John L. O'Sullivan in the July–August 1845 issue of The United States Magazine, and Democratic Review

  •  American western expansion their god given right 

  • US destanted to spread their democratic institutions across the entire continent and to South America as well 

• “Fifty-four forty or fight” 

  • Polk slogan coined in 1846 

  • Meant that the United States ought to claim all the territory up to 54 degrees and 40 minutes north parallel or FIGHT Great Britain for the land!!!

• Liberty Party 

  • Anti Slavery 

  • Anti-Texas 

  • Gained new york’s vote (stole Henry Clay’s victory)

  • ironically ensured the election of polk and hastened the annexation of texas 

• Walker Tariff

  • One of Polk goals = Lowered tariff 

  • Devised by Robert J Walker (secretary of the treasury to Polk) 

  • Reduced average rates of the tariff from 34 to 25% 

  • Strongly supported by low-tariff southerners 

  • Excellent revenue producer (followed by boom times and heavy imports) 

• Spot resolutions 

  • Polk sent General Zachory Taylor to march from the Nueces River to the rio grande

  • Taylor stopped by mexican troops (16 Americans killed or wounded) 

  • When telling congress, Polk bent the truth to turn the public in favor of war 

• Aberham Lincoln (whig congressmen from illinois), was NOT buying it, asked for the exact spot on “American” soil where american blood had been spilt 

• California Bear Flag Republic 

  • Established by local Americans in California 

  • Short lived 

• Battle of Buena Vista

  • General Zachary Taylor (+ weakened force of five thousand men) vs 20 thousand troops under Santa Anna

  • Mexican defeat

  • Zachory Talyor became “Hero of Buena Vista” 

• Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

  • US-Mexican Peace Treaty 

  • US gets texas, US gets Mexican Territory (half of mexico) 

  • US pay 15 million for land 

• Conscience Whigs 

  • Anti-slavery Whigs/ “Mexican Whigs” 

  • Denounced Mexican American War 

  • Secured control of the house in 1847

• Wilmot Proviso  

  • NEVER BECAME FEDERAL LAW 

  • Slavery not allowed in ceded mexican territory  

People to know

• William Harrison 

  • Figure head to Henry Clay and Daniel Webster

  • contracted pneumonia and died (this was four weeks after he came to the White House.) 

• John Tyler 

  • Ex-Democrat (tho Democrat at heart <3 ) and Whig (bc did not like Jackson) 

  • Vice President to William Harrison and became president following Harrison’s sudden death 

  • Did not agree with the Whig party’s pro-bank, pro-protective tariff and pro-internal improvements

• James K. Polk

  • Nominated by democrats

  • First “Dark horse” presidential candidate 

  • Speaker of the house of representatives

  • Tennessee Governor for two years 

  • Sponsored by Andrew Jackson 

  • Supporter of Annexing Texas 👢

• Supporters condemned Clay for owning slaves (despite the fact he owned slaves as well) 

• Goals: lowered tariff (Walker Tariff), restoration of the independent treasury, accusation of California and Organ settlement

• Stephan W. Kearny 

  • General 

  • 1846: led a detachment of seventeen hundred from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe on the Santa Fe trail 

• John C. Fremont 

  • Captain and explorer 

  • Just so “happened” to be there when Stephan W. Kearny  came with his own a few dozen well armed men 

  • Helped to overthrow mexican rule in 1846 

• Winfred Scott “Old Fuzz and Feathers” 

  • War of 1812 Hero 

  • Commander of main expedition 

  • Despite Handicaps by a variety of factors (inadequate # of troops, difficult enemy and terrain, disease, political backbiting) still succeeded in reaching Mexico City 

  • Most distinguished general between the revolution and civil war 

• Nicholas P. Trist 

  • Chief Clerk of the State Department

  • Sent to  negotiate an armistice with Mexico at a cost of $10,000 (Santa Anna took the bribe and then used it for his defenses, haha).

  • negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo despite being  dismissed by Polk

• David Wilmot 

  • Proposed and sponsored the Wilmot Proviso

Chapter 18

Must know 

• Controversy over slavery in the territories

  • The Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo ended the Mexican-American War, but it started a whole new debate about the extension of slavery

  • While Northerners looked to the Wilmot Proviso; the Southerners quickly shot it down 

• Free-Soil movement 

  • See key terms 

• Compromise of 1850 

  • See key terms 

• Kansas-Nebraska Act 

  • See key terms 

• End of the Second Party System 

  • The second party system saw rapidly rising levels of voter interest (dominated by the democratic and whig parties) 

  • Emergence of new parties saw an end of the second party system 

• Republican Party 

  • founded by  forces opposed to the expansion of slavery

  • Made up of ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers

  • principal opposition to the dominant Democratic and Know Nothing Parties 

Key Concepts 

• How the United States interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives to create more ties with ______

  • Asia 

• How the debates over _______ came to dominate political discussion in the 1850s 

  • slavery 

• How a free soil movement arose that portrayed the expansion of slavery as incompatible with free labor 

  • Argued that the spread of slave labor would undermine the economic system reliant on free labor,

• How national leaders made a variety of attempts to  resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, including the compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska act, but these ultimately failed to reduce conflict 

  • Each compromise increasingly invalidated or wreaked previous compromises made  

  • The Kansas-Nebraska Act directly wrecked the Compromise of 1820 and indirectly wrecked the Compromise of 1850.

• How the second party system ended when the issues of slavery and anti-immigrant nativism weakened loyalties in the two major parties and fostered the emergence of sectional parties, most notably the republican party in the north 

  • Before, the two national parties, the Democrats and the Whigs had strong support from all over the nation HOWEVER with these issues that was in jeopardy 

Contextualization 

• Was it territorial expansion, the institution of slavery or both that provided historical context for the re-emergence of sectionalism?  (identify specific circumstances from 1848 to 1854) 

Analyzing Evidence

• In “Contending Voices: The Compromise of 1850” analyze the point of view, purpose, and limitations of both excerpts 

Argumentation 

• How was the Kansas-Nebraska act “one of the most momentous measures ever to pass congress” and “a curtain raiser to a terrible drama”   

Key Terms

• Popular Sovereignty

  • Sovereign ppl of a territory hold a vote to decide the status of slavery in their state 

• Free soil Party 

  • Founded by northern anti-slavery men distrustful of Cass and taylor  

  • appealed to people angry over the half-acquisition of Oregon, people who didn’t like Blacks in the new territory or  “conscience Whigs” who condemned slavery on moral grounds.

• California Gold rush 

  • Caused by the discovery of gold in california 

  • Attracted tens of thousands of people to the territory, 

  • Made california a state rly quickly (ended up bypassing the usual territorial stage and avoiding becoming a slave state.) 

  • Many wished to strike it rich (those who actually made a fortune offered goods and services) 

  • Some others who came were “lawless man” or “virtueless women” (tho this a minority of ppl) 

• Few continued chasing for gold in Australia 

• Underground Railroad 

  • Informal freedom trail which consisted of “stations” (anti-slavery homes), “passengers” (runaway slaves), and “conductors” (white or black abolitionists) 

  • By taking the railroad a slave could ensure freedom in free soil state or even passage to canada 

• Seventh of March speech 

  • Given by Daniel Webster to uphold Clay’s compromise measures 

  • Turned the tide in the north towards compromise and urged for compromise on the issue of slavery

• Told abolition-minded Northerners to forgo antislavery measures and cautioned Southerners that disunion would lead to war 

• Compromise of 1850 

  • California admitted as a free state

  • remainder of the Mexican cession divided into the territories of New Mexico and Utah w/ popular sovereignty deciding on free or slave state

  • Texas paid $10 million

  • Fugitive Slave Act passed 

  • The buying and selling of slaves (but not slavery) was abolished in the District of Columbia

• Fugitive Slave law 

  • “Bloodbound bill” 

  • Strongly opposed in the north as now required by law to apprehend and return  runaway slaves

• Federal commissioner given $5 if a slave was freed BUT $10 if not 

• Those who aided runaway slaves threatened with fines or jail time 

• Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 

  • Confrontation w/ britain avoided 

  • Neither America nor Britain would fortify or seek exclusive control over any future  isthmian waterway 

• Ostend Manifesto 

  • A document that stated that America wanted to purchase Cuba from Spain

  • implied that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused 

  • Upset anti-slavery northerners

• Opium War 

  • China HUMBLED 

  • Secured British trading rights w/ free access to 5 treaty ports and control over hong kong (for 150 years) 

• Treaty of Wanghia 

  • First formal diplomatic agreement between US and China 

  • Secured vital rights and privileges from the chinese 

  • Ensured trade w/ china (inspired a desire to trade with Japan) 

• Treaty of Kanagwa

  • American-Japanese treaty 

  • Japan forced out of 2 century isolation and made to trade with the United States 

  • Japanese protection for American sailors and vessels in Japan 

  • formation of a US consulate in Japan 

• Gadsden purchase

  • For 10 million, Ceded mexican land to the US

• Kansas-Nebraska Act  

  • created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska

  • Caused the formation of the Republican Party  

• Northerners upset as it made the Kansas and Nebraska territories to open to slavery 

• Southerners upset as it made the Kansas and Nebraska territories to closed to slavery 

• Increased tensions between north and south 

People to know

• Lewis Cass

  • General (Veteran of the war of 1812) 

  • Senator and diplomat 

  • Father of popular sovereignty 

• Zachery Taylor 

  • “Hero of Buena Vista” 

  • Nominated as the Whig candidate despite never holding civil office or even voting for president 

  • Became president 

• Harriet Tubman 

  • “Moses” 

  • Most famous “conductor” of the underground railroad

  • Runaway slave from maryland 

  • Rescued more than 300 slaves

• Milliard Filmore 

  • Vice president to Zachary taylor, took over after his death 

  • Signed the series of compromise measures 

  • Oversaw second era of good feelings 

• Franklin Pierce 

  • Democrat 

  • Lawyer-politician 

  • Second “dark horse” candidate 

  • “The young hickory of granite hills” 

  • “Fainting general” w/ a fondness for alcohol 

• Won presidency bc whigs split  

• William Walker 

  • American adventurer 

  • Repeatedly attempted to control Nicaragua (earlier attempted to seize baja california from Mexico and make it a slave state_ 

  • “Grey eyed man of destiny” 

• Caleb Cusing 

  • Sent by tyler to secure comparable concessions for the US

  • Impressed the Chinese diplomats enough for them to sign the Treaty of Wanghia 

• Matthew C. Perry 

  • Commodore of a fleet of warships Taylor sent to Japan 

  • Requested free trade and friendly relations with the japanese 

  • Persuaded the Japanese to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa 

Chapter 19

Must know 

• Debates over slavery 

  • See key terms

• States Rights

  • States Rights over slavery debated during this time period 

• Abolitionist campaign against slavery 

  •  See key concepts 

• Republican Party 

  •  Lincoln’s party! :) 

• Abraham lincoln

  • See people to know 

• Republicans Free soil campaign 

  • opposed  the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States.

•  Free labor 

  •  working for wages or owning a farm or shop as opposed to being reliant on slaves

• Dred Scott decision 

  •  See Key terms 

• Presidential Election of 1860 

  •  Linchon elected despite not gaining 50% of the popular vote and without a single southern electoral vote 

• Secession 

  • States declare independence, withdrawing themselves, from the United States 

  • South Carolina first to succeed 

  • Followed by Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

Key Concepts 

• Debates over Slavery and other economic, cultural, and political issues were intensified by ______ and deepening ________ and led the nation into civil war  

  •  expansion 

  • regional divisions 

•  African Americans and white abolitionists (although a minority of the north) mounted a highly visible campaign against slavery presenting __________  against the institution, assisting slave ______ and sometimes expressing a willingness to use _______ to achieve their goals 

  • moral arguments

  • escapes 

  • violence 

•  Courts attempted to resolve the issue of slavery in the territories, but ________ to reduce conflict  

  • failed  

•  Abraham Lincion’s victory on the Rebulican’s free-soil platform in the presidential election of 1860 was accomplished without any ____________

  • Southern Electoral Votes 

• After a series of contested debates about secession, most slave states votes to _______ from the Union precipitating in the _______ 

  • secede 

  • Civil War  

Causation 

• What were the long and short term causes of the civil war?  

Interpretation 

• Which school of thought about the coming of the civil war is the most persuasive? (use specific examples to support choice)  

Key Terms

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin 

  • Anti-slavery novel 

  • Displayed the wickedness and inhumanity of slavery, especially in how it split families 

  • Turned northers and international opinion against slavery 

• The impending Crisis of the south 

  • Written by Hinton R. Helper who hated both slavery and blacks 

  • Argued that it was the non slaveholding whites who suffered the most from slavery (erm- okay buddy) 

  • Influence not rly that great, even among poor southern whites 

  • Still hated in the south, burned and distributed as campaign literature by the republicans (increased resentment held between north and south) 

• New England Emigrant aid company 

  • Anti-slavery organization, financed some two thousand pioneers to kansas 

• Goal: “To supply information, cheapen transportation, and set up saw mills and flour mills" in the new territory. 

• Plan =  win Kansas as a free-state WHILE ALSO making a  profit 

•  Lecompton Constitution 

  • People to vote for a constitution either “with slavery” or “with no slavery” 

  • (despite outcome, owners with slaves already protected) 

• Northerners boycotted polls & proslavery approved a constitution w/ slavery in 1857

• Bleeding Kansas 

  • Violence that occurred between abolitionists and proslavery-ites on kansas soil 

  • (also present in the senate) 

• Dred Scott V. Stanford 

  • Ruled that Dred Scott was NOT a citizen and therefore could not sue in a federal court 

  • Roger B. Taney went on further to say that as slaves were property they could be taken into any territory and legally held there in slavery

  • Reasoning: fifteenth amendment (unconstitutional for congress to derive people of their property without due process of the law) 

  • Case Declared the compromise of 1820  as unconstitutional 

• Panic of 1857 

  • Not too bad economically but bad psychologically (worst of the nineteenth century) 

• Inflation caused by californian gold economy 

• Russian crimean war overstimulated growing gain

• Collapse caused failure of 5 thousand businesses, unemployment, and hunger meetings in urban areas 

• Resulted in clamor for higher tariff rates 

• The North was especially hard hit, but the South rode it out with flying colors, seemingly proving that cotton was king and raising their egos.

• Gave republicans 2 successful economic issues for the election of 1860 (protection to unprotected and farms to farmers) 

• Tariff of 1857 

  • Reduced duties to 20% on dutiable goods

  • Passed several months before the crash 

• Lincoln-Douglas Debates

  • Lincoln challenge Douglas to a series of joint debates 

  • Refer to the 7 meeting held between Lincoln and Douglas 

• Freeport question 

  • Lincoln asked, if the people of a territory vote slavery down while the supreme court in the dred scott decision decreed they could not, who would prevail? 

• Freeport doctrine 

  • Douglas's response was that no matter how hard the supreme court ruled, slavery would stay down if people voted it down 

  • EX: Jefferson’s embargo (public opinion VS us gov) 

• Harpers Ferry 

  • After securing several thousands of dollars for firearms, John Brown arrived to Virginia with twenty men and several blacks 

  • Seized federal arsenal, killed 7 innocents and a black, and injuring around ten people

  • The slaves brown was attempting to free were ignorent of his strike 

  • Brown captured by U.S. marines (under command of Robert R. Lee), convicted of murder and treason, and hanged 

• Constitutional Union Party 

  • Enemies called them the “do nothing”/”old gentlemen’s” party 

• Feared for the union 

• Made up of former whigs and know nothings

• Crittenden amendments 

  • Proposed after South Carolina’s secession vote 

  • Last ditch effort to keep the nation together 

  • Slavery prohibited north of the 36 30 line, BUT given federal protection to in all existing (and future) southern territories 

• REJECTED by Lincoln 

• Confederate states of America 

  • Government created by the succeeded southern states 

  • Jefferson Davis chosen as their president 

People to know

• Harriet Beecher Stone 

  • Writer of Uncle Tom’s Cabin 

  • "the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war"

• Henry Ward Beecher 

  • Reverend 

  • Helped raise money to buy breech-loading sharp rifles for Kansas pioneers to support of the abolition of slavery

• James Buchanan 🌈

  • President after Pierce

  • Under southern influence 

  • Administration behind the  Lecompton Constitution (douglas  NOT a fan of) 

  • Antagonized Douglas Democrats of the north, dividing the democratic party 

• Did NOTHING while the south succeeded (what. The. heck.) 

• Charles Sumner 

  • Senator of massachusetts

  • Leading abolitionist 

  • Unpopular 

• Gave the “crime against kansas” speech and dissed Andrew Butler (one of the most-liked members of the senate) 

• Preston S. Brooks 

  • Congressmen of South Carolina

  • Would not stand for Butler slander 

  • BEAT SUMNER WITH A CANE

  • Resigned tho was quickly reelected and gifted with canes 

• Dred Scott

  • Black slave

  • Lived with his master for five years  in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory

  • Sued for freedom on basis of long residence on free soil  

• Roger B. Taney 

  • Chief justice 

  • Pushed the Dred Scott case further 

• Stephen A. Douglas 

  • Senator 

  • While he beat Lincoln to the senate seat, the districts carried by Douglas supporters were smaller population wise then lincoln supporters 

• Abraham Linchon 

  • Republican nominee for the senate seat 

• John Brown 

  • “God’s angry man” 

  • Abolitionist 

  • Made a daring scheme to invade the south, call upon the slaves to rise, provide firearms to their cause and establish a black free state sanctuary 

  • Death made him a Martyr 

• John C. Brekinridge 

  • Vice president w/ moderate views 

  • Selected as leader to the southern democrats 

• John Jordan Crittenden 

  • Sponsored the (failed) Crittenden amendments 

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