World History B Comprehensive Notes

Nationalism

• A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country.

Realpolitik

• "Realistic politics," based on practical considerations rather than on ideology.

Russo-Japanese War

• A war fought between the Russian Empire and the Empire of Japan over rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea (1904-1905).

Franco-Prussian War

• A conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia (1870-1871).
• The war was started because of an edited telegram, the EMS dispatch.

Communist Manifesto

• A political pamphlet by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, outlining the principles of communism.

Berlin Conference 1884

• Regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period.

Sepoy Rebellion 1857

• A revolt against the British East India Company's rule in India.
• The specific cause was taxes and representation.

Schlieffen Plan

• A German military strategy to deal with a war on two fronts (France and Russia) during World War I.

Lusitania

• A British ocean liner sunk by a German U-boat during World War I, contributing to the US entry into the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

• A secret diplomatic communication issued from the German Foreign Office in January 1917 that proposed a military alliance between Germany and Mexico if the United States entered World War I against Germany.
• The German Minister sent Mexico a message asking them to attack the US with the promise of returning Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona after the war.

Black Hand

• A Serbian nationalist group responsible for assassinating Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Antisemitism

• Hostility to or prejudice against Jews.

Lebensraum

• Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people.

Great Purge

• A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s, orchestrated by Joseph Stalin.

Nuremberg Laws

• Antisemitic laws enacted in Nazi Germany.
• Deprived German Jews of the rights of citizens, forbade mixed Jewish marriages and required Jews to wear a yellow star.

Vladimir Lenin

• A Russian communist revolutionary, politician, and political theorist.

Joseph Stalin

• The dictator of the Soviet Union from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953.

Industrial Revolution Start location and cause

• Began in Britain.

Trench Warfare

• A type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines largely comprising military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.

SALT and SALT II

• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks; negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union to reduce their nuclear arsenals.

Marshall Plan

• A U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II.
• The primary purpose of the Marshall Plan was to aid the economic recovery of war-torn Europe.

Truman Doctrine

• A U.S. policy of providing economic and military aid to countries that were resisting communist aggression.

Berlin Airlift

• A military operation in the late 1940s that brought food and other needed goods into West Berlin by air after the government of East Germany, which at that time surrounded West Berlin, had cut off its supply routes.

Berlin Wall

• A barrier that divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

Al-Qaeda

• A militant Sunni Islamist multi-national terrorist organization.
• The group generally held responsible for the terror attacks of September 11, 2001.

9-11-2001 (911)

• The date of the September 11 attacks; a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks by the al-Qaeda terrorist group against the United States on the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001.

Rwanda 1994

• The conflict in Rwanda was primarily between which two ethic groups: Hutu and Tutsi.

Israel 1948

• The year of the establishment of the state of Israel.

Connection between Israel, Palestine, and Britain

• Historical and political ties involving land claims and governance.

"Iron Lady"

• A nickname given to British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.

South Africa, Apartheid, Afrikaans

• Apartheid: A system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa.
• Afrikaans: A language developed in South Africa, derived from Dutch, spoken by the descendants of the Dutch settlers.

Mohandas Gandhi

• An Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist, and political ethicist.

Indira Gandhi

• An Indian politician and a central figure of the Indian National Congress.

Golda Meir

• An Israeli stateswoman and politician who served as the fourth Prime Minister of Israel.
• Influential female leader who served as Prime Minister of Israel from 1969-1974.

Great Leap Forward

• An economic and social campaign by the Communist Party of China from 1958 to 1962.

Glasnost

• A policy of openness and transparency initiated in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Gorbachev.

Perestroika

• A political movement for reformation within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during the 1980s.

Détente

• The easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries.

Pan-Africanism

• The idea that peoples of African descent have common interests and should be unified.

Cuban Missile Crisis

• A 13-day (October 16–28, 1962) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.

FDR: Before and During WWII as President

• Franklin Delano Roosevelt, the President of the United States before and during World War II

Final Solution

• Nazi Germany's plan to exterminate the Jewish people during World War II.

Holocaust

• The systematic genocide of Jews and other minority groups by Nazi Germany during World War II.

D-Day

• The Allied invasion of Normandy, France on June 6, 1944.

V-Day

• A general term for days commemorating victory.

VE-Day

• Victory in Europe Day, May 8, 1945, the day the Allies formally accepted Nazi Germany's unconditional surrender.

VJ-Day

• Victory over Japan Day, the day on which Japan surrendered in World War II, effectively ending the war.

Munich Conference

• A settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, called the Sudetenland.
• Germany used it's invasion of Czechloslovakia in 1938 because the region was home to German-speaking people.

Hitler and the National Socialist Workers Party

• Adolf Hitler and the political party associated with Nazism.

Nazi Germany: indoctrination and Hitler Youth

• The methods used by the Nazi regime to instill their ideology, including the Hitler Youth organization.

Winston Churchill

• The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom during World War II.

Authoritarian

• Favoring or enforcing strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

Totalitarian

• A system of government that is centralized and dictatorial and requires complete subservience to the state.

Iwo Jima

• A battle in which the United States Marine Corps landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

Tehran Conference

• A strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943.

Potsdam Conference

• The last of the World War II meetings held by the "Big Three" heads of state.

Atlantic Conference

• A meeting between U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill in August 1941, which resulted in the Atlantic Charter.

Mein Kampf

• An autobiographical manifesto by Adolf Hitler, published in 1925.

Blitzkrieg

• "Lightning war," a military tactic used by the German army during World War II.

Operation Barbarossa

• The code name for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II.

Death Camps: know what they were and be able to name at least two

• Extermination camps where millions of people were systematically murdered by the Nazis during the Holocaust.
• Sobibor, Chelmno, Treblinka and Auschwitz-Birkenau were death camps.

Vichy, France WWII

• The collaborationist government that ruled France during World War II from 1940 to 1944.
• The name of the ineffectively, French-man run government.

Stalingrad

• A major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad in Southern Russia.
• In the spring of 1942, Germany launched a new offensive aiming for the rich oil fields of southern Russia. They were successful until they reached the city of Stalingrad.

Hiroshima

• The site of the first atomic bombing in World War II.

Nagasaki

• The site of the second atomic bombing in World War II.

Axis

• The alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II.

Allies

• The alliance of Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union during World War II.

Guadalcanal

• The first major Allied landed offensive of the war in the Pacific.
• Operation Watchtower (Aug 7, 1942 - Feb 9, 1943) in the Solomon Islands.

Albert Einstein

• A German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of relativity.

Sun Yat Sen

• A Chinese physician, writer, philosopher, and revolutionary, the first president and founding father of the Republic of China.

Sigmund Freud

• An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis.

Nanjing

• The site of the Nanjing Massacre, a mass killing and war rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, then the capital of China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

El-Alamein

• The location of two major battles in North Africa during World War II.
• The first turning point in the Africa Campaign: Second battle of El Alamein.

OPEC

• Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.

One-Child Policy

• A population control policy in China that limited the number of children a family could have.

Red China

• A term used to refer to the People's Republic of China under communist rule.

Leyte Gulf

• A major naval battle in the Pacific during World War II.

First President of Turkey

• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Spanish Civil War: Know opposing sides, outcome, Who supported from outside Spain?

• The "nationalists" and fascists battled against the "Republicans" and communists in a civil war in the 1930s.

Ronald Reagan and the end of the Cold War

• U.S. President Ronald Reagan and his role in negotiating with the Soviet Union to end the Cold War.

Cold War

• The state of political hostility that existed between the Soviet bloc countries and the US-led Western powers from 1947 to 1991.

Iran Contra

• A political scandal in the United States that occurred during the Reagan administration.

Korean War

• A war between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953.

38th Parallel

• The line of latitude that divides North and South Korea.

Vietnam

• A war fought in Vietnam from 1955 to 1975.

Iron Curtain

• The notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed political events in eastern Europe in 1989.

Turkey and Greece: "Domino Effect", Role in the Cold War

• Their significance in preventing the spread of communism during the Cold War.

Pablo Picasso

• A Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, stage designer, poet, and playwright.

Battle of Midway

• A crucial naval battle in the Pacific during World War II.

Nelson Mandela

• A South African anti-apartheid revolutionary, political leader, and philanthropist.

Open Door Policy

• An agreement in 1899 to keep China open to trade on an equal basis.

Directory

• The French man run, government that ruled from 1795-1799.

Operation Sea Lion

• Adolf Hitler's plan to invade Britain.

Franco-Prussian War

• The final war of the three wars that led to the unification of Germany.

Cottage Industry

• An early production method where workers worked in their homes.

Galileo

• Scientific thinker posed theories that brought him in direct conflict with the Catholic church.

Otto von Bismarck

• Chancellor of Prussia and former foreign diplomat to Russia and France.

Jose de San Martin

• Creole Argentinian led forces across the Andes to free chile + Peru.

Maximillian Robespierre

• Responsible for what event that lasted from 1793 to 1794: Reign of Terror.

Bataan Death March

• Treatment of Prisoners in WWII that resulted in the death of over 10,000 prisoners after a 68-mile forced march.

US campign to recapture Japanese-held islands in the South Pacific.

• Realistic politics based on the needs of the state: Realpolitik.

Crematorium

• Furnace to burn the dead bodies.

Island hopping

• The American war campaign in the Pacific was known as the island hopping.
• US forces would attack some Pacific Islands while by passing others.

Religion

• The main source of conflict in the middle east between Israel and the Palestinians.

Right to vote

• What right did women gain largely, in part, due to their efforts during wwl.

Inspiration for French and American Revolution

• What did the ideas of John Locke, Baronde Montesqueu , and Jean Jacques Rousseau have in common: The philosophies inspired by the American & French revolutions.

Glorious Revolution

• William of Orange and Mary Stuart became the monarchs of England after a blood less overthrow of King James 11.

Simon Bolivar

• Vene, zuelan who was able to liberate Grand Columbia , Ecuador & peru from Spanish control: True

Radar

• Even though the Germans had a namerical superiority in planes the British had an advantage because they had developed : Radar

Heliocentric theory:

• Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and newton an supported which idea from the Scientific revolution: heliocentric theory:, overloadB & d