Personal Development Reviewer

Lesson 5: Coping with Stress in Middle and Late Adolescence

Stress – A reaction of the mind and body to a stimulus that disturbs the well-being, state of calm, or equilibrium of a person. Response to threat or demand.

Stimulus – a thing that initiates activity-something we react to.

Cortisol – Stress Hormone

Prefrontal Cortex – frontal lobe of the brain.

     Adolescent stresses faster than adults because of the prefrontal cortex not fully developed.

     Stress Relevance

Positive Relevance – sees stress positively

Negative Relevance – sees stress negatively

     Types of Stress

Distress – negative – can be short or long, anxiety, unpleasant

Eustress – positive – short term, motivational, exciting, coping

Common Stress Indicators

·         Moodiness

·         Agitation

·         Loneliness/Isolation

·         Depression

·         Headaches

·         Back Pains

·         Eating Less

Stressors – things that can cause stress.

External Stressors – outside of the individual – situations, people

Internal Stressors – within the individual – thoughts, beliefs

Responses to stress

·         Social Engagement – makes us calm and safe

 

·         Mobilization – fight or flight

 

·         Immobilization – Isolation

 

Coping – overcoming stress

·         Problem Focused – literal solutions

·         Emotional Focused – lessening emotional damage

 

 

Lesson 6a: Brain Theories and Learners

Human Brain is made of two halves – left and right brain / “hemispheres”

Left Brain – Controls Right Body

Right Brain – Controls Left Body

Paul Broca – theorized that left brain controls language functions in 1861, called the “whole brain theory”

Dr. Roger Sperry – known for Split- Brain Theory

Split Brain Theory – two brain hemispheres perform different tasks

     Left: Verbal, Analytical, Logical, Digital Brain, looks at pieces first then sees the whole

     Right: Visual, Intuitive, Creative, Analog Brain, looks at the whole then sees the pieces

Triune Brain Theory – proposed by Dr. Paul Maclean, identified three parts of the brain.

Neocortex (rational brain)- Thoughts

Limbic System (Intermediate Brain) – Motivation and Emotion

Reptillian Cortex (Primitive Brain)- Instinct

Brain Dominance Theory

 Theorized by Ned Herrman, stated that brains have a dominant side, also concluded that the brain has four quadrants

 

Ned Herrman – Father of Brain Dominance Technology

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Lesson 6b: Mind Mapping

Short Term Memory can store information for about 20-30 seconds.

Mind Map – used to represent themes of understanding linked to a central idea. Single words or phrases are used.

Reference Mind Maps – organized information, for documents or lists.

Presentation Mind Maps – to tell a story or make a point, used for presentations or training.

Planning Mind Maps – for plans, outcome is the focus,

Why use mind maps?

-   Brain friendly

-   Easy to review

-   Deepens learning

Mind Maps are useful in:

-   Brainstorming

-   Making decisions

-   Organizing

-   Note-taking

-   Personal use

 

Lesson 7: Mental Health and Well Being

Mental Health – Successful performance of mental function. Emotional, psychological, social well-being.

-   Subjective Well Being – how you experience life

-   Perceived Self Efficacy – your belief in yourself

-   Autonomy – self direction

-   Competence – how well can you perform an activity

-   Intergenerational Independence – independency from your seniors

-   Self – Actualization – how you see yourself and what you want to be.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Five life tasks (Witmer & Sweeney)

Resiliency – To remain steadfast in the face of adversity

Adaptability – The capacity to adjust to what’s necessary

Healthy Self Concept + Healthy Body and Mind = Good Mental Health

Challenges

Mental Health Problems – short term and temporary change in a person’s behavior

Mental Illness – Long term mental disorder

Anxiety Disorder – responding with fear and panic; phobias.

Mood Disorders – abrupt change

Eating Disorders – due to standards of beauty

-   Anorexia – extreme fear of gaining weight

-   Bulimia – vomiting food

Impulse Control & Addiction – inability to control one’s self

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (ODC) – extreme perfectionism

PTSD – result of traumatic experiences

 

Lesson 8: Emotional Intelligence

 

Lesson 9: Personal Relationship

Personal Relationship

-   A type of relationship which is closely associated with a person and which can only have meaning to this person.

-   Privacy and Intimacy are needed

-   Requires commitment to another person

Bowlby (1982)

-   Stated that our future is shaped by our attachment to our parents

-   First meaningful relationship is with our mother

Attachment Styles

  • Secure Attachment

-   The healthy attachment

-   Emotional and physical needs are met

  • Avoidant Attachment

-   The unhealthy Attachment

-   No connection between child and caregiver

-   Unstable relationship

  • Anxious - Ambivalent Attachment

-   Inconsistent attachment

-   Mixed feelings

Attraction

-First stage that leads to intimacy and commitment (Helen Fisher)

Primarily based on hormones

Pheromones

-   Odorless chemical found in urine and sweat

-   Detected only by nose

-   Love hormone

Three Stages of Falling in Love (Helen Fisher)

  • Lust

-   Sex Hormones (testosterone and estrogen)

  • Attraction 

-   Lovestruck phase 

-   Neurotransmitters; dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin

  • Attachment

-   Long lasting commitments

-   Oxytocin - (promotes intimacy)

-   Vasopressin - (promotes long term relationship)

Theories & Research Related to Attraction and Liking

  • Transference effect - how our past experiences can affect future ones

  • Propinquity effect - proximity

  • Similarity - similar to us

  • Reciprocity - I know u know this

  • Physical attractiveness - I look like a twig my guy

  • Personality characteristics and traits - tryma be Andrew Tate

Love & Intimacy

-   Strong feeling of affection

-   A feeling of devotion to someone or something

-   Pleasures

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

  • Intimacy - being open and vulnerable to another person

           Communication - key component in intimacy

  • Commitment - deciding to fulfill your devotion

  • Passion - state of being that drives us to do something

Eight forms of love

 

Commitment - saying yes and meaning it

 Variable related to commitment (Rozenberg Quarterly)

  • Accumulation of all rewards of the relationship

  • Temptation of alternative partners

  • Investments made by the couple in the relationship

Behaviors that spoils commitment

  • Commitment

  • Denial of Existence of Conflict

  • Contempt

 

Lesson 10: Social Relationships

Social Relationship

-   Less intimate but still has loyalty

-   Connection with people

Social Influences

-   How affected you are of another person or community

Varieties of Types of Social Influence 

  • Compliance

-   When someone agrees to something

  • Identification

-   Influence by someone you look up to or love

  • Internalization

-   When someone believes something and publicly displays it

Other Types of Social Influences

  • Conformity: involves a change in behavior, belief, or thinking to be like others

  • Conversion: occurs when an individual wholeheartedly changes his/her original thinking and beliefs, actions, attitudes to align with those of the other members of the group.

  • Minority influence: happens when a bigger number of people are influenced by a much smaller number of people and when the minority’s way of looking at and doing things is accepted. 

  • Reactance: when there is a willing rejection of a social influence being exerted on an individual or group; also known as anti- or non-conformity

  • Obedience: a form of social influence where a person follows what someone tells him/her to do, although it may not necessarily reflect the person’s set of beliefs or values.

  • Persuasion: used by one person or group to influence another to change their belief, actions, or attitudes by appealing to reason or emotion 

Leadership Theories

  • Trait Theory - defines leadership on traits

  • Behavioral Theory - thinks leadership is a learned behavior

  • Participative Theory - opposite of autocratic leader, leader of the masses

  • Situational Theory - assumes that leadership is based on situations you face

  • Transactional Theory - states that leadership involves a transaction of position or resources

  • Transformational Theory - a vision where people can rally on

Authentic Leadership

  • Three Basic Axioms of Leadership (Rob Goffee & Gareth Jones, 2006)

-   Leadership is situational

-   Leadership is non-hierarchical

-   Leadership is relational

  • According to Goffee and Jones, an authentic leader has the following critical elements:

-   They walk their talk.

-   They are consistent in what they say and do.

-   They adjust to situations and display adaptability and flexibility but consistent with their values and selves.

-   They have a high level of comfort being themselves even if they come from backgrounds different from that of the people they deal with.

Leader - Member Exchange Theory

-   A leader’s effectiveness is measured by relationships with his people

-   There should be a fair distribution of resources between leader and follower

Heroic Leadership

  • Self - Awareness

  • Ingenuity

  • Love

  • Heroism

Four Elements that Followers want from a Leader (Coffee and Jones) 

  • Authenticity

  • Significance

  • Excitement

  • Community

Simon Sinek’s The Golden Circle Theory

(The Why, How, What Model)

  • Why-type - visionary

  • How-type - realist

  • What-type - builder