⭐ Organ systems
Flashcard 1
Q: What does the mnemonic “MURDERS LINC” stand for?
A:
M – Muscular
U – Urinary
R – Respiratory
D – Digestive
E – Endocrine
R – Reproductive
S – Skeletal
L – Lymphatic
I – Integumentary
N – Nervous
C – Cardiovascular
🧴 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
Flashcard 2
Q: What structures make up the integumentary system?
A:
Skin
Hair
Nails
Glands
Connective tissue
Small muscles in skin
Flashcard 3
Q: What are the main functions of the integumentary system?
A:
Prevents water (H₂O) loss
Prevents pathogen entry
Synthesizes Vitamin D
Protection barrier
Flashcard 4
Q: Why would we dehydrate quickly without skin?
A:
Skin acts like the cap of a water bottle — it prevents water loss from the body.
Flashcard 5
Q: How does skin tone affect Vitamin D synthesis?
A:
The darker the skin tone, the harder it is to convert sunlight into Vitamin D.
🦴 SKELETAL SYSTEM
Flashcard 6
Q: What are the components of the skeletal system?
A:
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments (bone to bone)
Tendons (connect muscle to bone)
Flashcard 7
Q: What is the function of ligaments?
A:
Attach bone to bone.
Flashcard 8
Q: What is the function of tendons?
A:
Attach muscle to bone.
Flashcard 9
Q: What are the main functions of the skeleton?
A:
Structure
Protection of organs
Framework for movement
💪 MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Flashcard 10
Q: What is the main physiology of the muscular system?
A:
Contraction
Movement
Force production
Flashcard 11
Q: What types of muscle exist in the body?
A:
Skeletal muscle (attached to bones)
Cardiac muscle (heart)
Smooth muscle (blood vessels, glands, organs)
Flashcard 12
Q: What does smooth muscle in blood vessels do?
A:
Helps maintain blood pressure.
Flashcard 13
Q: What is NOT part of the muscular system: ligaments or tendons?
A:
Ligaments are NOT part of the muscular system.
They attach bone to bone — not muscle.
🧠 NERVOUS SYSTEM
Flashcard 14
Q: What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?
A:
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Flashcard 15
Q: What is sensory input?
A:
Signals sent TO the CNS.
Example: Feeling a table with your hand.
Flashcard 16
Q: What is motor output?
A:
Signals sent FROM the CNS to muscles/glands.
Flashcard 17
Q: Why is the nervous system considered rapid response?
A:
It responds immediately (ex: pulling hand off hot stove).
Flashcard 18
Q: Describe the pathway of touching something hot.
A:
Finger → PNS → CNS (brain/spinal cord) → signal back down → muscles move hand away.
🧪 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Flashcard 19
Q: What does the endocrine system control?
A:
Hormones.
Flashcard 20
Q: How does endocrine response compare to nervous system response?
A:
Endocrine is slower.
Nervous system is rapid.
Flashcard 21
Q: What does the pineal gland secrete?
A:
Melatonin.
Flashcard 22
Q: What does the thyroid gland regulate?
A:
Metabolic activity.
Flashcard 23
Q: What does the pancreas release?
A:
Digestive enzymes.
Flashcard 24
Q: What do adrenal glands release?
A:
Adrenaline.
Flashcard 25
Q: What hormone do ovaries produce?
A:
Estrogen.
Flashcard 26
Q: What hormone do testes produce?
A:
Testosterone.
❤ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
Flashcard 27
Q: What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?
A:
Delivers oxygen
Removes CO₂
Transports hormones
Transports drugs
Thermoregulation
Flashcard 28
Q: What happens in the lungs regarding blood?
A:
Deoxygenated blood drops off CO₂ and picks up oxygen.
Flashcard 29
Q: What color represents arteries? What do they carry?
A:
Red — oxygenated blood.
Flashcard 30
Q: What color represents veins? What do they carry?
A:
Blue — deoxygenated blood.
🧫 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Flashcard 31
Q: What is the lymphatic system part of?
A:
Immune system.
Flashcard 32
Q: What does the lymphatic system filter for?
A:
Pathogens (viruses, bacteria)
Cancer cells
Flashcard 33
Q: What happens to lymph fluid after it is filtered?
A:
It is returned to the heart and circulatory system.
Flashcard 34
Q: Why might a lymph node in the armpit swell after a cut on the arm?
A:
Lymph fluid drains there and traps infection.
🌬 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Flashcard 35
Q: What is the primary function of the respiratory system?
A:
Gas exchange (O₂ in, CO₂ out).
Flashcard 36
Q: What does the nasal cavity do?
A:
Warms air
Filters air
Traps particles
Flashcard 37
Q: How does the respiratory system help with acid-base balance?
A:
By regulating CO₂ levels.
🍎 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Flashcard 38
Q: Where does digestion begin?
A:
In the mouth.
Flashcard 39
Q: What does amylase do?
A:
Breaks down starch into simpler sugars.
Flashcard 40
Q: What is the path of food through the digestive system (basic)?
A:
Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Intestines → Anus.
Flashcard 41
Q: Why does the digestive system work closely with the cardiovascular system?
A:
Nutrients are absorbed into the blood for transport.
🚽 URINARY SYSTEM
Flashcard 42
Q: What does KUB stand for?
A:
Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder.
Flashcard 43
Q: What are the main functions of the kidneys?
A:
Filter blood
Eliminate waste
Regulate blood volume
Balance electrolytes
Control blood pressure
Regulate acid-base
Activate Vitamin D
Flashcard 44
Q: What are electrolytes?
A:
Salts such as sodium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium.
👶 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Flashcard 45
Q: What are gonads?
A:
Organs that produce sex hormones and reproductive cells.
Flashcard 46
Q: What hormones are required for reproduction?
A:
Estrogen (female)
Testosterone (male)
🔁 ORGAN SYSTEM INTERDEPENDENCE
Flashcard 47
Q: Do organ systems operate independently?
A:
No. They are interdependent and cooperate to maintain homeostasis.
Flashcard 48
Q: What would happen if the respiratory system failed?
A:
No oxygen delivery → cardiovascular system fails → tissues die.
Flashcard 49
Q: Why is absorption important in digestion?
A:
Without absorption into blood, food would pass straight through without nourishing the body.