Untitled Flashcards Set
Here are the answers for the quiz questions:
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### Part 1: Matching Terms and Definitions
1. Rule Nonconsequentialist - a. A theory that asserts the only basis for morality is rules, and consequences are irrelevant.
2. Act Nonconsequentialist - b. Morality based on intuition, where particular situations and actions cannot be generalized.
3. Intuitionism - j. Belief in what people feel is right or wrong, independent of rules or commands.
4. Divine Command Theory - c. The view that an action is right if it is commanded by a divine entity.
5. Duty Ethics - d. A theory that an action’s moral worth depends on following rules universally.
6. Immanuel Kant - e. Created the concept of duty ethics, emphasizing rationalism.
7. Categorical Imperative - f. The principle that one should act only in ways they would want to become universal law.
8. Good Will - g. An intrinsic goodness that is "good without qualifications."
9. Maxim - h. Guidelines by which one should act, suitable for universal application.
10. Perfect Duties - i. Duties that must always be followed, such as keeping promises.
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### Part 2: Essay Questions (Answer Guide)
1. Kant’s Duty Ethics
- Answer Guide: In Kant’s theory, duty ethics holds that an action's moral worth lies not in its consequences but in the motive of duty. Kant introduces the concept of the Categorical Imperative, which requires us to act only on maxims we would want to become universal laws. Good Will, according to Kant, is the only intrinsic good and represents the intention to do what is morally right. For a test situation, you could propose a maxim like "Everyone should cheat if it benefits them." Universalizing this creates a contradiction, as the purpose of tests would be undermined if everyone cheated, making this maxim invalid in Kantian ethics.
2. Ethical Dilemmas in Nonconsequentialist Theories
- Answer Guide: Choose lying or cheating. For example, if discussing lying, Kant’s Duty Ethics would argue that lying is always wrong because it cannot be universalized without contradiction. Divine Command Theory, however, might condone or condemn lying based on divine directives rather than the Categorical Imperative. Be sure to clearly explain how the chosen theory justifies your stance.
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### Part 3: True or False QuestionsTrue/False: Nonconsequentialist theories focus primarily on the consequences of actions when determining morality.
1.True/False: Act Nonconsequentialism asserts that there are no universal moral rules and relies instead on individual intuition about specific situations.
True/False: Divine Command Theory holds that actions are right or wrong based solely on divine authority.
True/False: According to Kant, an act has moral worth only if it is done from duty, not inclination or self-interest.
True/False: The Categorical Imperative requires us to act only according to maxims that can become universal laws without contradiction.
True/False: Good Will, in Kantian ethics, is good because of the outcomes it produces.
True/False: Immanuel Kant was a utilitarian philosopher.
True/False: Kant believes that talents of the mind, qualities of temperament, and gifts of fortune are valuable only if guided by a good will.
True/False: Perfect duties are those that we are required to do at all times, like keeping promises and avoiding harm to others.
True/False: According to Rule Nonconsequentialism, the consequences of an action are more important than adherence to moral rules.
True/False: In Kantian ethics, lying is never morally permissible because it cannot be universalized.
True/False: Intuitionism relies on established rules rather than individual feelings about right and wrong.
True/False: Kant's duty ethics is categorized under nonconsequentialist theories of morality.
True/False: According to nonconsequentialist ethics, cheating can sometimes be justified if it leads to a positive outcome.
True/False: According to Divine Command Theory, ethical actions are determined by human reasoning alone.
1. False - Nonconsequentialist theories do not focus on consequences; they focus on the nature of the actions themselves.
2. True - Act Nonconsequentialism emphasizes intuition and does not follow universal moral rules.
3. True - Divine Command Theory is based on the commands of a divine entity.
4. True - Kant argues that only actions done from duty, rather than inclination or self-interest, have moral worth.
5. True - The Categorical Imperative is based on universalizing maxims.
6. False - Good Will is good in itself, not because of its outcomes.
7. False - Kant was not a utilitarian; he was a deontologist who focused on duty and universal rules.
8. True - Talents, temperament, and fortune are valuable only if directed by a good will, according to Kant.
9. True - Perfect duties are those that are absolute, like keeping promises and not harming others.
10. False - Rule Nonconsequentialism emphasizes following rules, not the consequences of actions.
11. True - Kant believes lying is always morally wrong because it cannot be universally applied.
12. False - Intuitionism relies on feelings and does not require established rules.
13. True - Kant's duty ethics is a form of nonconsequentialist morality.
14. False - Nonconsequentialist ethics does not justify cheating based on outcomes.
15. False - Divine Command Theory relies on divine authority, not solely on human reasoning.
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