TIME

Reading an analog clock: the thinnest/red line represents  seconds, the long black line “hand” represents minutes and the  short black line “hand”represents hours. the long hand is  counted by 5. 12 would be 0 because it’s the starting point, 1  would be 5, 2 would be 10, etc. Hour:Minute 

The Four Main Markers 

12 = :00 | 3 = :15 | 6 = :30 | 9 = :45 

These divide the clock into four clean quarters (every 15  minutes): 

[Hour] O'clock (xx:00) 

Meaning: Exactly on the hour. No minutes  

have passed. 

Hand Position: The long hand points  

straight up at the 12. 

Example: 4 o'clock = 4:00 

Quarter past [Hour] (xx:15) 

Meaning: 15 minutes (one quarter of an  

hour) have passed the hour. 

Hand Position: The long hand points directly  

to the right at the 3. 

Example: Quarter past 4 = 4:15 

Half past [Hour] (xx:30) 

Meaning: 30 minutes (half of an hour) have  

passed the hour. 

Hand Position: The long hand points  

straight down at the 6. 

Example: Half past 4 = 4:30 

Quarter to [Hour] (xx:45) 

Meaning: 

15 minutes left until the next hour arrives. 

Hand Position: The long hand points directly  

to the left at the 9.

Example: Quarter to 5 = 4:45 (Hint: The hour  

hand will look very close to the 5!) 

Now it should be the same for a Roman numeral clock (like the  Big Ben) even sundial 

Understanding 24 hour clock: 

Military time uses 24 hours, so the numbers keep counting after  noon instead of restarting at 1. 

THE HOURS 

12 AM = 00 → midnight 

1–11 AM = 01–11 

12 PM = 12 → noon 

1–11 PM = 13–23 

THE MAIN RULE 

AM: The hour stays the same (just add a 0 if needed). 5:30 AM → 05:30 

9:15 AM → 09:15 

PM: Add 12 to the hour. 

4:30 PM → 4 + 12 = 16:30 

8:45 PM → 8 + 12 = 20:45 

GOING BACK TO REGULAR TIME 

If the military hour is 13–23, subtract 12. 

16:30 → 16 − 12 = 4:30 PM 

20:45 → 20 − 12 = 8:45 PM 

23:15 → 23 − 12 = 11:15 PM 

MINUTES 

Minutes stay exactly the same. 

4:45 PM → 16:45 

5:20 PM → 17:20 

11:55 PM → 23:55 

The hour changes; the minutes don't. 

READING 4-DIGIT MILITARY TIME 

Split it into HOUR | MINUTES. 

0545 → 05 | 45 → 5:45 AM 

1330 → 13 | 30 → 1:30 PM

1745 → 17 | 45 → 5:45 PM 

2315 → 23 | 15 → 11:15 PM 

REMEMBER 

First 2 numbers = hour 

Last 2 numbers = minutes 

13–23 → subtract 12 

Minutes stay the same 

00 = midnight 

12 = noon 

Military 

Regular

13 

1 PM

14 

2 PM

15 

3 PM

16 

4 PM

17 

5 PM

18 

6 PM

19 

7 PM

20 

8 PM

21 

9 PM

22 

10 PM

23 

11 PM




HOURS & MINUTES COMPUTATIONSl 

🕒 THE BIG RULE

1 hour = 60 minutes.
Always keep Hours and Minutes in their own separate lanes.

➕ ADDING TIME (Finding an Arrival Time)

Use this when: "My flight departs at 05:56 and flies for 6 hours and 17 minutes. What time do I land?"

  1. Add the Hours: 5 + 6 = 11

  2. Add the Minutes: 56 + 17 = 73

  3. The Fix: If minutes are 60 or higher, subtract 60 from the minutes and add 1 to the hours.

    • 73 − 60 = 13

    • 11 + 1 = 12

Final Answer: 12:13

➖ SUBTRACTING TIME (Finding a Flight Duration)

Use this when: "My flight left at 12:14 and landed at 18:08. How long was the flight?"

  1. Check the Minutes: Look at the bottom minutes (14). Are they bigger than the top minutes (08)? Yes.

  2. Borrow 1 Hour: Steal 1 hour from the front and slap 60 minutes onto the back.

    • 18 hours becomes 17

    • 08 minutes becomes 68 (08 + 60)

  3. Do the Normal Math:

    • Minutes: 68 − 14 = 54

    • Hours: 17 − 12 = 5

Final Answer: 5 hours and 54 minutes

👀 THE "MATH CHECK"

After every single math problem, look at your final minutes and ask:
"Are my minutes between 00 and 59?"

  • 12:13 ➔ Yes! (Perfect)

  • 11:73 ➔ No! (Minutes don’t go that far!)