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Nursing Theorist Overview

  • Martha Rogers

  • Dorothea Orem

Learning Objectives

  • Understand the nursing theory of Martha Rogers and Dorothea Orem

  • Explain theoretical assertions (metaparadigm) regarding nursing, personhood, health, and environment

  • Learn the application of nursing theory to practice

Martha Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings

  • Focuses on four main concepts of homeodynamics:

    • Energy fields

    • Openness

    • Pattern

    • Pandimensionality

Major Concepts

  • Rogerian Model:

    • Abstract system of ideas for nursing practice

    • Emphasizes totality of experience and existence in healthcare

  • Critical Thinking Pattern Components:

    • Pattern Appraisal: Assessment of human/environment energy fields, organization, and dissonance

    • Mutual Patterning: Interaction between client and nurse to suggest alternatives and provide support

Evaluation Process

  • Pattern Evaluation:

    • Repeat pattern appraisal after mutual patterning to assess dissonance and harmony

Homeodynamics Principles

  • Reflects balance between dynamic life processes and environment

  • Principles:

    1. Integrality: Human and environment energy fields constantly interact

    2. Resonancy: Ordered rhythm of energy fields, moving from lower to higher frequency

    3. Heliecy: Changes in environment cause ripple effects in energy fields

Key Concepts in Nursing Theory

  • Person: Viewed as an open unitary human being interacting with the environment

  • Environment: Entire energy field outside of the person, characterized by its patterns

  • Health: Interaction between energy fields; poor interactions lead to illness

  • Nursing: Art and science of maintaining conducive energy fields for patient health

Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory

  • Self-Care: Activities individuals perform for their well-being

  • Basic Conditioning Factors: Conditions affecting self-care abilities

Orem's Self-Care Concepts

  • Self-Care Agency: Ability of a person to engage in self-care

  • Therapeutic Self-Care Demand: Total actions needed for self-care

    • Categories:

      • Universal requisites (basic life processes)

      • Developmental requisites (age-related)

      • Health deviation requisites (illness-related)

Self-Care Deficit

  • Indicates when nursing care is needed

  • Nursing Agency: Educated individuals who assist with therapeutic self-care demands

  • Nursing Systems:

    1. Wholly Compensatory: Individuals incapable of self-care

    2. Partly Compensatory: Collaboration between nurse and patient

    3. Supportive-Educative: Patients learning self-care with guidance

Major Concepts

  • Human Being: An integrated whole with varying self-care abilities

  • Health: State of well-being, characterized by happiness and fulfillment

  • Nursing: Art of providing specialized assistance for self-care

  • Environment: External factors affecting self-care ability

Imogene King: Theory of Goal Attainment

Theory Assertions

  • Focuses on nurse-patient interactions

  • Eight propositions related to goal achievement in nursing interactions

Key Propositions

  1. Perceptual congruence leads to transactions

  2. Transactions result in goal attainment

  3. Achieved goals lead to satisfaction

  4. Effective nursing care results from attained goals

  5. Interactions promote growth and development

  6. Role congruence facilitates transactions

  7. Role conflict leads to stress

  8. Nurses with expertise enhance mutual goal setting

Interaction and Transaction

  • Action: Sequence of mental and physical behaviors

  • Interaction: Goal-directed communication between people

  • Transaction: Human behavior aimed at achieving valuable goals

Metaparadigm: Person

  • Describes a person as a spiritual being and rational thinker with unique needs and goals

Metaparadigm: Health

  • Dynamic state affected by interactions within one's environment

Metaparadigm: Environment

  • Balance of interactions affecting biological, psychological, and social processes

Metaparadigm: Nursing

  • Process of action and reaction, aiming to achieve shared goals in a nursing situation

Nursing Goals and Functions

  • Aim to maintain individual health and facilitate functioning

  • Domains of nursing include promoting health and caring for the sick

  • Functions encompass interpreting and evaluating nursing actions

Application of King's Theory

  • Used in various professional settings, including nursing administration and emergency care.