MDA2010 Final Study Guide
MDA2010 Final Study Guide - Medical Assisting Department, Oakland Community College
General Study Guidelines
This study guide is supplementary; students are encouraged to leverage textbooks, PowerPoints, and homework.
Review dosage calculations from Section One of the textbook as math will be included in assessments.
Continual review of vocabulary from chapters is crucial.
Chapter 24: Vocabulary and Key Concepts
Allergic Rhinitis: Inflammation of nasal mucosa due to sensitivity to allergens; also known as hay fever.
Common Cold: Known scientifically as Coryza, primarily caused by viruses.
Histamine: A substance naturally present in the body, released from injured cells; functions include increased mucous secretions, dilation of capillaries, and bronchial smooth muscle constriction.
Pruritus: Severe itching sensation.
Rhinovirus: A subgroup of viruses responsible for the common cold in humans.
Urticaria: Refers to hives, raised, itchy welts on the skin.
Alveoli: Small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Pertussis: Medical term for whooping cough, a highly contagious bacterial infection.
Differences Between Respiratory Drugs
Expectorant: Stimulates and decreases the thickness of respiratory tract secretions for mucus clearance. Example: Guaifenesin.
Mucolytic: Reduces the viscosity of respiratory secretions, breaking them down for easier expulsion. Example: Acetylcysteine.
Antitussives: Suppress the cough reflex, useful for dry, unproductive coughs. Example: Dextromethorphan.
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Causative Agent: Bordetella pertussis, highly contagious and easily transmissible.
Adverse Reactions to Nasal Sprays
Short-term Reactions: Burning, stinging, sneezing, dryness of the nasal mucosa.
Long-term Reactions: Dependence or addiction to nasal sprays; chronic nasal mucosa swelling.
Asthma Management with Cromolyn Sodium
Mechanism: Inhibits the degranulation of sensitized mast cells upon exposure to specific antigens and inhibits histamine release and SRS-A (Slow Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis).
Tuberculosis (TB)
Causative Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (a bacillus).
Medications: Treatment includes Isoniazid (INH), Rifampin (RIF), and Ethambutol (EMB).
Duration of Treatment: 6-9 months.
Reye's Syndrome
Definition: A serious condition resulting from aspirin use in children recovering from viral illnesses, leading to liver and brain swelling.
At-risk Population: Children and teens given aspirin for antipyresis.
Chapter 25: Vocabulary and Key Concepts
Carbonic Anhydrase: An enzyme in RBCs catalyzing the formation of carbonic acid from water and carbon dioxide.
Edema: Swelling from fluid accumulation in body tissues.
Escherichia coli (E. coli): Bacteria commonly found in the human gastrointestinal tract, associated with urinary tract infections (UTIs).
Excretion: The process of eliminating waste from the body.
Nephrotic Syndrome: A condition affecting the glomerulus characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia.
Proteus Mirabilis: A bacillus commonly found in intestines that can cause UTIs.
Diuretics
Indications: Used to treat congestive heart failure, hypertension, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, idiopathic edema, diabetes insipidus, and glaucoma.
Contraindications: Include severe electrolyte imbalances, dehydration, anuria, severe kidney failure, sulfa allergies, and pregnancy.
Patient Education: Emphasizes hydration, potassium-rich diets, recognition of fluid/electrolyte imbalances, morning medication intake, and monitoring for side effects.
Types of Diuretics
Thiazide Diuretics: Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the distal tubule; also block chloride reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle.
Loop Diuretics: Block reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the ascending loop of Henle; often potent.
Potassium-Sparing Diuretics: Prevent potassium excretion while facilitating the exchange of sodium.
Osmotic Diuretics: Filtered by the glomerulus; poorly reabsorbed.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor Diuretics: Increase excretion of bicarbonate ions, which carries out sodium, water, and potassium.
Potassium Supplementation with Diuretics
Required when serum potassium levels drop below .
Urinary Tract Antiseptics
Indicated when patients show intolerance or an unresponsive reaction to first-choice antibiotics.
Patient Education for Sulfonamides: Emphasizes hydration, dosage adherence, avoiding sun exposure, and recognizing adverse reactions including potential interactions with oral contraceptives.
Chapter 26: Vocabulary and Key Concepts
Acromegaly: Excess growth hormone in adults leading to enlargement of extremities.
Cretinism: Congenital hypothyroidism leading to physical and mental underdevelopment.
Diabetes Insipidus: Inability to concentrate urine, resulting in excessive urination and thirst.
Diabetes Mellitus: Impaired sugar processing leading to high blood sugar levels.
Dwarfism: Deficient growth hormone levels leading to significantly decreased height.
Gigantism: Overproduction of growth hormone in children before growth plates close, resulting in excessive height.
Myxedema: A condition from inadequate thyroid hormone secretion.
Organ Functions
Pancreas: Responsible for the production of insulin and glucagon to manage blood sugar levels.
Parathyroid: Regulates calcium levels in bones and blood.
Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin for sleep regulation.
Pituitary Gland: Often called the master gland, regulates various functions.
Thyroid and Adrenal Disorders
Graves’ Disease: Most common cause of hyperthyroidism with symptoms of bulging eyes and weight loss; treatment may include surgery, medications, or radiation.
Hashimoto’s Disease: An autoimmune disorder causing thyroid gland destruction, resulting in hypothyroidism.
Effects of Thyroid Medications
Adverse Reactions: Potential effects include sweating, anxiety, insomnia, and others such as palpitations and hypertension.
Addison’s Disease vs. Cushing’s Syndrome
Addison’s Disease: Primary adrenal insufficiency, characterized by low cortisol levels, resulting in fatigue and hypotension.
Cushing’s Syndrome: Excessive cortisol leading to symptoms like moon face and central obesity.
Diabetes Types
Type I Diabetes: Insulin-dependent diabetes, resulting from the body's inability to produce insulin, requiring lifelong treatment.
Type II Diabetes: Often linked to obesity; insulin resistance requiring management through lifestyle changes and medications.
Complications and Symptoms
Cushing’s Disease Symptoms: Moon face, buffalo hump, central obesity, and purple striae.
Addison’s Disease Symptoms: Weight loss, fatigue, hypotension, and hyperpigmented skin.
Graves’ Disease Symptoms: Bulging eyes and weight loss.
Diabetes Mellitus Symptoms: Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia (extreme hunger).
Insulin Characteristics
Long-acting vs. Short-acting Insulin: - Rapid-acting: Covers insulin needs at mealtime (e.g., Apidra, Humalog). - Long-acting: Covers insulin needs over 24 hours (e.g., Lantus).
Premixed Insulins: For example, in a ratio of , it indicates that $75 ext{%}$ is long-acting and $25 ext{%}$ is short-acting insulin.
Correlation between Diabetes and Obesity
Obesity correlates with insulin resistance, high blood sugar levels, and increased risk of Type II Diabetes.
Chapter 27: Vocabulary and Key Concepts
Agonist: A drug that binds to cellular receptors producing a pharmacological effect.
Anhydrase: An enzyme that promotes dehydration of substances.
Aqueous Humor: The fluid maintaining intraocular pressure and nourishing eye tissue.
Dopamine: A neurotransmitter affecting movement and mood, also used to manage blood pressure.
Inhibitor: An agent blocking enzyme activity.
Sympathomimetic: Mimics sympathetic nervous system stimulation.
Narcotic Analgesics and Patient Care
Mechanism: Inhibits pain pathways in the central nervous system; implications for care include monitoring respiratory rate and potential side effects like urinary retention.
Seizure Education
Protect patient from hazards.
Do not restrain or move the patient.
Do not place objects in the mouth.
Record seizure times and any changes in bowel or bladder control.
Ensure an open airway post-seizure and position the patient appropriately.
Do not offer food or drink until fully conscious.
Call for medical help if seizures are prolonged or recurrent.
Chapter 28: Vocabulary and Key Concepts
Amenorrhea: Absence of menstrual flow.
Cryptorchidism: Testicles fail to descend into the scrotum.
Hirsutism: Excessive hair growth in women.
Hypogonadism: Insufficient gonadal hormone production.
Menopause: Cessation of menstruation.
Osteoporosis: Bone softening; prevalent in aging females.
Estrogen and Hormonal Therapies
Conditions Treated with Estrogen: Amenorrhea, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, and menopause.
Contraindications for Oral Contraceptives: Include conditions like blood clots, undiagnosed vaginal bleeding, and specific cancers.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT): Used to manage menopause symptoms; patients must report potential adverse effects, such as leg swelling or chest pain.
Erectile Dysfunction Causes
Common causes include vascular disease, diabetes, substance abuse, and neurological diseases.