EDUCATION KEY WORDS

  • PARTICULARISTIC - standards/ideas only applied to some

  • UNIVERSALISTIC - standards/ideas applied to all

  • CAPITALISM - an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

  • BOURGEOISIE - the upper/ruling class

  • PROLETERIAT - working class

  • CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE - believes parts of society are in conflict with each other (eg different social classes)   

  • MEANS OF PRODUCTION - property, materials and machinery needd to make goods to sell for profit (eg farms of factories)

  • HIDDEN CURRICULUM - schools teach their pupils a whole range of otherr things in a more subtle/covert way, learning includes things like understanding manners and behaviour, respecting authority and understanding hierarchy

  • OFFICIAL CURRICULUM - the subject knowledge taught in classes and assessed in examinations

  • REPRODUCE - to produce a copy of, keep making the same thing again

  • LEGITIMISE - to make something that is not fair/honest, acceptable

  • MYTH OF MERITOCRACY - marxists criticise the functionalist view or ‘role allocation’ arguing that the appearance of meritocracy is nothing more than an ideology. They argue that the proleteriat are persuaded to believe that the rich and powerful reached their position through hard work alone, rather than through their natural ability

  • REPRESSIVE STATE APPARATUS - (RSA) consists of the army, police, judiciary, prison system and it operates through physical coercion

  • IDEOLOGICAL STATE APPARATUS - (ISA) institutions that spread bourgoisie ideology and ensure that the proleteriat is in a state of false class consciousness. Schools and educational institutions, are (for Althusser) part of the ISA as they prepare w/c students for a life of exploitation

  • CORRESPONDENCE PRINCIPLE - suggestion that the education system mirrors the workplace in its organisations, rewards etc     

  • CULTURAL CAPITAL - social assets of a person, (education, intellect, style of speech etc) that promotes social mobility in a stratified society

  • ECONOMIC CAPITAL - wealth, eg property or money     

  • HEGEMONY - the dominance of one group over another, supported by legitimating norms and ideas

  • FALSE CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS - a marxist concept that suggests that the proleteriat do not recognise that they are being exploited by the borgouise and indeed contribute to their own exploitatin to their own exploitation, bourgoisie ideology persuades them to think that the interests of the ruling class are in fact the interests of all

  • HABITUS - a set of perceptions, appreciations and actions which are internalised by the child, largely through interactions with parents

  • ANOMIE - a state of normlessness, potentially leading to chaos

  • SOCIAL SOLIDARITY - the idea of having a well intergrated functioning society where all members believe the same thing

  • VALUE CONSENSUS - the broad idea of particular norms/ideas being held by an entire population

  • INSTITUTION - a place where a group of people work for a ommon goal, founded for religious, educational, professional or social purposes

  • SKILLS PROVISION - the concept of schools providing/ giving the necessary skills needed for students to be active, beneficial members of society

  • ROLE ALLOCATION - the idea that inequality is needed as it aallows the most capable members of society to go into the most difficult jobs

  • RESTRICTED CODE - limited expression and implicit meaning, limited grammatical complexity and the vocubalry is short hand, looser syntax, cliches, simple coordination, conveys attitude and feeling    

  • ELABOrATED CODE - syntax is formally correct, logical connectives, originality, explicit references and conveys abstract ideas and facts

  • TEACHER/PUPIL INTERACTIONS - the interactions that teachers and students have and how they regard each other

  • LABELLING - a process of defining a person or group in a certain way (eg the ‘type’ of person they are

  • SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY - people act in response to the prediction that has been made about their behaviour, causing the prediction to come true as they ‘live up to their label’

  • PUPIL SUBCULTURES - a smaller culture held within the main culture within a school that has some differences but also shares similarities with the main culture (eg pro or anti_

  • PUPILS CLASS IDENTITIES - how a person or group of persons think of themsleves in relation to others in society based on their economic and social position

  • NIKE IDENTITIES - w/c students create class identities and self-worth by investing in ‘styles’ especially through wearing branded clothing, eg NIKE

  • SYMBOLIC CAPITAL - the status, recognition and self worth we get from others, especially those in a similiar class position

  • SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE - the harm done by denying pupils symbolic capital by definig their culture as worthless, eg schools viewing w/c style prefernces as tasteless/chavvy

  • HIDDEN CURRICULUM -attitudes and behaviours taught by the schools organisation and teachers attitudes that are not part of the formal timetable

  • SETTING - students are grouped by ability for particular subjects

  • STREAMING - students are grouped by ability and stay in these groups for all subjects

  • CULTURAL DEPRIVATION - looks at inadequate socialisation as a reason for educational underachievement in some black, asian and EM students

  • MATERIAL DEPRIVATION - little access to physical materials

  • DEFERRED GRATIFICATION - favoured by middle class due to educational experiences and job types, revolves around the idea of working hard now to gain in the future

  • IMMEDIaTE GRATIFICATION - favoured by the w/c due to their hand to mouth lifestyle, revolves around the idea of rewards being present

  • PRESENT TIME ORIENTATION - looking at life as if it is just based off of the present, focussing on the here and now

  • FATALISM - internalising of negative labels which leads to a fatalistic attitude, teaching children to believe they can’t achieve certain things

  • THE INTERACTIONS EFFECT - class, gender and ethnicity interact differently and with each other

  • STATE EDUCATION - education paid for and provided by the government

  • MERITOCRACY - advancement on the basis of individual merit, hard work and ability lead to success

  • BUTLER ACT (1944) - introduced the tripartite system to try and allow access to good quality academic education which was available to anyone who was capable

  • GRAMMAR SCHOOLS - state secondary schools that admit students on the basis of ability

  • SECONDARY MODERNS - a school open to all, those who did not pass the 11 plus went here, non selective

  • TECHNICAL SCHOOLS - schools specialising in training pupils who were adept at scientific and technical subjects

  • 11 PLUS - tests that studennts took to get into a grammar schools, supposedly based on intelligence

  • PARITY OF ESTEEM - valuing the different types of school and the education they provided equally

  • COMPREHENSIVISATION - replacement of the three types of schools in the tripartite system with one type

  • NEW VOCATIONALISM - vocational based work/based work mostly in schools/colleges, these are practical skills courses where learners aquire job specific skills (1990s brought in GNVQs and BTECs)

  • YOUTH TRAINING SCHEME - on the job training course for school leavers aged 16/17 and as managed by the manpower services comission

  • HIGH FORDISM -a ‘factor model’ designed for mass, standardized schooling, mirroring industrial assembly lines

  • ACADEMIES - state funded schools that are funded directly by the government rather than by LEA, they were originally introduced by Blair’s labour government (but they were similair to Grant Maintained schools introduced by Thatcher) and were expanded significantly under Gove (conservatives)

  • PUPIL PREMIUM - introduced in 2011, its a sum of money given to schools each year by the government to improve the attainment of disadvantaged children

  • EDUCATION MAINTENANCE ALLOWANCE - the scheme involves payments to students aged 16-19 from low income families who are attending full time schools or colleges

  • VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS - involves work based/work related study mostly in schools/colleges, these are practical skills courses where learners acquire job specific knowledge, eg hairdressing

  • COMPENSATORY EDUCATION - ways in which education policy can compensate for material or cultural deprivation, eg Surestart centres

  • OFSTED - Office for Standards in education (1992), visit schools, colleges and nurseries regularly and produce reports on whether they are meeting nationally agreed standards for the quality of education

  • PARENTOCRACY - the idea that parents are in charge of the education system, notably the marketisation policies of 1988 onwards and subsequently which gave aprents more choice in their children’s education     

  • BUSINESS SPONSORSHIP - of schools, businesses help schools by offering, money and expertise of services to schools to make them look positive in the local area

  • 1988 EDUCATION REFORM ACT - New RIght act tat included a number of high profile additions (eg National curriculum), SATS tests, league tables, more parental choice, budgeting powers for headteachers, formula funding, aim was to create marketisation

  • MARKETISATION - an education policy from the 1980s where schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act more like private businesses

  • LEAGUE TABLES - show how well a particular year group of pupils did

  • NATIONAL CURRICULUM - pupils in all state schools were taught the same topics on the same subjects

  • SATS - standard attainment tests, all students learning the core curriculum couls be tested at the same time with a national test, allowing comparisons to be made

  • COLA-ISATION OF SCHOOLS (BALL) - the increasing penetration of the education system by private companies, primarily through commercial activities like vending machines, sponsorship, and marketing, which turn schools into conduits for brand loyalty

  • ENDOGENOUS PRIVATISATION - internal privatisation

  • EXOGENOUS PRIVATISATION - external privatisation