Hormones chart quiz 9

GLAND HORMONE RELEASED HORMONE FUNCTION HORMONE REGULATOR

1. Posterior Pituitary
      - Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
        - Function: Increases water absorption from kidneys; raises blood pressure
        - Regulator: Hypothalamic secretions, blood osmolarity
      - Oxytocin
        - Function: Stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus and release of breast milk after childbirth
        - Regulator: Hypothalamic secretions, uterine stretch, suckling

2. Anterior Pituitary
      - Somatotropin (growth hormone)
        - Function: Stimulates bone and muscle growth; promotes protein synthesis and fat mobilization
        - Regulator: Hypothalamic secretions
      - Prolactin
        - Function: Promotes production and secretion of milk after childbirth
        - Regulator: Hypothalamic hormones
      - Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
        - Function: Stimulates production and secretion of thyroid hormones
        - Regulator: Blood thyroxine levels; hypothalamic secretions
      - Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
        - Function: Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol and other steroids
        - Regulator: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from the hypothalamus; blood cortisol levels
      - Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females and interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males
        - Function: Initiates ovulation and the secretion of sex hormones in people
        - Regulator: Hypothalamic secretions, estrogen, and testosterone levels
      - Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
        - Function: Stimulates development of ovum in ovaries and sperm in testes
        - Regulator: Hypothalamic secretions, progesterone

3. Thyroid
      - Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine or T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
        - Function: Increases oxygen consumption and heat production; stimulates, increases, and maintains metabolic processes
        - Regulator: TSH regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus
      - Calcitonin
        - Function: Inhibits calcium release from bone, thus lowering blood calcium levels
        - Regulator: Blood calcium concentrations

4. Parathyroids
      - Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
        - Function: Increases blood calcium by stimulating calcium release from bone; decreases blood phosphate level
        - Regulator: Calcium concentrations in blood

5. Thymus
      - Several thymosin and thymopoietin hormones; thymic humoral factor; thymostimulin; factor thymic serum
        - Function: Stimulate T-cell development in thymus and maintenance in other lymph tissue; involved in some B cells developing into antibody-producing plasma cells
        - Regulator: Not known

6. Pineal Gland
      - Melatonin
        - Function: Involved in circadian rhythms; antigonadotropic effect induces sleep
        - Regulator: Exposure to light–dark cycles; darkness stimulates release, and light diminishes release

7. Adrenal Medulla
      - Epinephrine (adrenaline)
        - Function: Constricts blood vessels in skin, kidneys, and gut, which increases blood supply to heart, brain, and skeletal muscles, leading to increased heart rate and blood pressure; stimulates smooth muscle contraction; raises blood glucose levels
        - Regulator: Sympathetic nervous system
      - Norepinephrine
        - Function: Constricts blood vessels; increases heart rate and contraction of cardiac muscles; increases metabolic rate
        - Regulator: Sympathetic nervous system

8. Adrenal Cortex
      - Corticosteroids:
        - Glucocorticoids
          - Function: Regulate blood glucose by affecting carbohydrate metabolism; affect growth; decrease the effects of stress and anti-inflammatory agents
          - Regulator: ACTH; stress and serum electrolyte concentrations
        - Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
          - Function: Regulate sodium, water, and potassium excretion by the kidneys
          - Regulator: Renin and angiotensin
        - Gonadocorticoids (mainly androgens—male sex hormones)
          - Function: Contribute to secondary sex characteristics (greater androgenic effect in females after menopause)
          - Regulator: ACTH

9. Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans)
      - Insulin
        - Function: Lowers blood sugar; increases glycogen storage in liver; stimulates protein synthesis
        - Regulator: Blood glucose concentrations
      - Glucagon
        - Function: Stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver; increases blood sugar (glucose) concentration
        - Regulator: Blood glucose and amino acid concentration

10. Ovary Follicle
        - Estrogens
          - Function: Develop and maintain female sex organs and characteristics; initiate building of uterine lining
          - Regulator: FSH and LH

11. Ovary (Corpus Luteum)
        - Progesterone and estrogens
          - Function: Influence breast development and menstrual cycles; promote growth and differentiation of uterine lining; maintain pregnancy
          - Regulator: FSH

12. Testes
        - Androgens (mainly testosterone)
          - Function: Develop and maintain male sex organs and characteristics; aid sperm production
          - Regulator: FSH and ICSH