Ch 2 with Mr. Sinn

(2.1) Population Distribution

The four major regions (2/3 of population live in these regions)

• south asia

• east asia

• southeast asia

  • In these three, there are people primarily located in rivers and oceans

• Europe

  • People located next to natural resources instead of only around rivers and oceans

Physical factors:

• climate

• weather patterns

• landforms

• bodies of water

• natural resources

Human factors:

• economic aspects

  • People are attracted to places where they can work and get paid well

• cultural aspects

  • People are attracted to places where they can feel accepted and feel community

• historical aspects

  • History influences where population patterns are based on migration patterns

• political aspects

  • People gravitate to places where they can feel a sense of safety in a cohesive society

Population density/distribution

• Population distribution: spread of people in an area

• Population density: number of people in an area

  • Arithmetic density: how crowded a particular area is (total population / total amount of land). Assumes that everyone is evenly spread out. Does not account for agriculture or uninhabited land

  • Physiological density: measures the pressure that a population exerts on the environment to feed the population. population / total amount of arable land.

  • Agricultural density: shows the level of efficiency of agricultural production in an area and the degree of reliance on human labor vs technology. Amount of farmers / amount of arable land

(2.2) Consequences of population distribution

• Higher population = more political representation and power

• Lower population = less political representation and power

• Population pattern effects drawing districts, which affects voting

• Division between urban and rural areas

• Higher population = wider range of goods and services

• Higher population = higher taxes and prices

• Higher population = better education and healthcare

• Higher population = more economic and social activities

• Higher population = more urban sprawl

(2.3) Population composition

demographic characteristics:

• age

• gendar

• ethnicity

• educational attainment

• income

• occupation

These help us to understand the social, economic, and cultural factors of the society

Population pyramid:

• Top-heavy pyramid: aging population (more healthcare and a decrease in population)

• Bottom-heavy pyramid: Younger population (growing population, more spent on education)

Ratios:

• Dependancy ratio: how many people a society needs to support. higher number = greater burden on working population. (children ages 0-14) + (people 65+) / (Working age population)x 100

• Child dependancy ratio: (children ages 0-14) / (working age population) x 100

• Elderly dependancy ratio: (People 65+) / (working age population) x 100

(2.4) Population Dynamics:

• Crude birth rate: the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people alive

• Crude death rate: the number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive

• Natural increase rate: The percent a population grows in a year (NIR = CBR - CDR)

• Doubling time: how long it takes for pop to doubbe. Helps countries understand how to utelize there resources, set policys and predict future problems

• Total fertility rate: average amount of children a woman will have.

• replacemnt rate: 2.1 (how many people it takes to replace a population

• Infant morality rate: the total number of deaths under one year of age in a year for every 1,000 live births

Sectors of the econemy:

• primary sector: extracting natural resources = more of these jobs is less developed countries

• Secondary sector: take raw resources and produce/manufacure products of greater value = more of these jobs in less developed countries

• tertiary sector: provide service for individuals = more of these jobs in more developed countries

(2.5) Demographic transition model

Stage one (pestilence, famine, deaths):

• most people working subsistance agriculture

• women have limited opertunitys

• women dont have much education

• seasonal migration

• not much medication

• high mortality rate

• not many countries in stage one after industriul revolution

• deaths due to animal attacks, pandemics, food shortages, and diseases. contaminated water sources, etc

Step two (fewer deaths, receading pandemics):

• advacements in technology

• increase agriculture production

• better sanitation

• increased knowlege in medicen

• women have slight expantions in there roles

• limited women acces to education

• women are primary caregivers in there homes

• improved living standards

• better and more food

• + sanitation

Step three (increased degenerative diseases):

• increased life expecdancy

• better medication

• smaller family sizes

• jobs focusing in manufacturing

• rural —> urban migration

• rise of job opertunitys

Step four (fighting degenerative diseases):

• Zero population growth is common

• Women play an active role on society and the economy

• specialized medicen / doctors

• more people start to move into suburbs

• longer life expectancy

• medical advances

• improved diets

• avioding drug use

• more junk

Step five (resurgence of infectious diseases):

• Overall, the population is decreasing

• evolution of different diseases

• antibiotic resistance

• increased poverty and urbanization

• globalization

(2.6) Malthusian theory:

Malthus was a British guy who thought that eventually, because the population would increase exponentially, the food would increase at an arithmetic rate, where the population would pass the carrying capacity.

He thought the government should try to intervene and get the population to start implementing more policies to have the population have fewer kids.

Malthus was wrong.

Food production ended up increasing, and population ended up decreasing throughout the transition model.

(2.7) Population Policys:

• Pro-Natalist Policies: policies that are created to help increase a society’s birth rate

  • Propaganda, tax insentives, family plnning resources, removal of economic and political barriers

  • Ex: France

• Anti-Natalist Policies: Policies that are created to held decrease a societys birth rate

  • Like china’s one child policy

  • Can create higher male population then woman population

Governments will bace there immigration policies on:

• economic needs

• national security policies

• cultural values

(2.8) Women and demographic change:

• More opertunitys for women = lower fertility rate

• More control over contreseption

• more control over education and work

• more education = more info on how to keep children safe heathy and happy

• economic development = more opertunitys for women

Ravenstines rules of migration:

• most migration is due to economic reasons

• young adults

• migrants often travel short distances

• travel in step migration

• rural —> urban is most likely

• farther migrating —> more likely they are migrating to larger urban area

• larger urban areas tend to have increase in population due to migration rather then natural births

• women more likely to migrate within a countrie

• men are more likely to migrate to different countrie

  • because men had acces to more wealth

!REMEMBER! This may no longer be acurate because these rules were made a long time ago

(2.9) Ageing populations:

• developing countrie = growing older population

• more dependancy ratio

• more money being taken out of the system because more are accessing there retirment funds then those puting money away into there retirment funds

• decrease in growth rate = shortage of workers to support econemy

• this may make pronatalist policies or pro immigrant policies

(2.10) Cause of migration:

• Pull facotors: the good that atracts people to come to geographic location

  • Economic: more job opertunities, less taxes, greater variety of goods and services

  • Political: better access to governemnet services, protection of individual rights, political freedom or political stability

  • Social: Acess to quality healthcare, increased acccess to education, acceptance of different cultures, desire to be closer to family

  • Enviornmental: climates, living conditions (pollution), arable land resources

• Push factors: the negative aspects that force people to leave a geographic location

  • Economic: lack of job opertunities, economic instability, high taxes, higher cost of living

  • Political: political persecution, discrimination, lack of political freedom, unstable political enviornment

  • Social: religious persecution, discrimination, lack of social services (healthcare education)

  • Enviornmental: natural desasters, enviornmental degrigation, increased air and water pollution, undesirable climate

• Emigration: moving out of a place (E for Exit)

• Immigration: moving into a place (I for In)

• Intervining obsticals: negative situations of obsticals that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching there final destination

  • Runnign out of money, not being granted acces to place

• Intervining opertunities: posative situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching there final destination

  • Like going somewhere and finding a job opertunity there instead

(2.11) forced or voluentary migration:

Forced:

• Human trafficing

• Forced child labor

• child soldiers

• slavery

• War, political opression, enviornment disasters

  • These people are considered refugees

  • May seek asylum

  • Internally dispaced person is a refugee who has not passes any national boarder and are still in the countrie they started in

Voluentary:

• people are choosing to leave the spot they were in

• transnational migration: when people choose to leave there current countrie

  • traditionally these people will settle in areas similar to the ones they were in before

• Chain migration: a legal immigrent has become a citizen and sponcers a family member to come to that countrie with them

• Step migration: Migration which occurs in stages. migrants make stops at locations allong the way before reaching their final destination

  • more often impaccted by intervining obsticles and opertunites

• Guest workers: when migrants go to new countrie for work or education opertunities and send money back to families in other countrie

  • This action of sening money is knows as remittance

• Trannshuman migration: migration that is seasonal and revlves around seasonal move of livestock

• Rural to Urban migration: most often happens for people seekeing more economic opertunities

• Intraregional migration: movement of people withing a particular region

• Interregional migration: Movement of people between different regions

(2.12) Effects of migration:

• citizenship policies

• immigration limits

• family reunification

• higher economic output

• brain drain: skilled labor leaves because there aren’t many opertunities for them there

• Aculturation: culture one adopts aspects of culture two (aspects fo culture one are not lost)

• Asymalation: Culture one is thrown away in favor of culture two

• Syncretism: two cultures evolve and change over time but stay distinctly different

Vocab:

• Desertification: when arable land loses its fertility and becomes a desert

• Urban sprawl: unrestricted growth and expansion of an urban or suburban area to the surrounding countryside

• carrying capacity: the maximum number of people who can be supported by the environment without damaging it

• dependancy ratio: how many people a society needs to support. higher number = greater burden on working population. (children ages 0-14) + (people 65+) / (Working age population)x 100

• Child dependancy ratio: (children ages 0-14) / (working age population) x 100

• Elderly dependancy ratio: (People 65+) / (working age population) x 100

• Crude birth rate: the number of births in a year for every 1,000 people alive

• Crude death rate: the number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive

• Natural increase rate: The percent a population grows in a year (NIR = CBR - CDR)

• Doubling time: how long it takes for pop to doubbe. Helps countries understand how to utelize there resources, set policys and predict future problems

• Replacement rate: 2.1 (how many people it takes to replace a population

• emigration: an individual leaves a country or political boundary

• maternal mortality rate: the number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births that occur due to pregnancy or childbirth related complications