mid term exam 1407 (1)

• • Page 1: Microscope Parts and Introduction to Microorganisms

    • Wind, Water, Animal, Explosive mechanisms.

  • Microscope Components

  • Ocular Lens (Eyepiece): Magnifies the image.

  • Objective Lenses: Different magnifications (low, medium, high).

  • Stage: Holds the slide in place.

  • Coarse/Fine Adjustment Knobs: Used to focus the image.

  • Condenser & Diaphragm: Controls the light reaching the slide.

  • Total Magnification:

  • Formula: Total Magnification = Ocular lens magnification × Objective lens magnification.

  • Example: If ocular is 10x and objective is 40x, total magnification = 400x.

  • Field of View:

  • As magnification increases, the field of view decreases. This helps estimate the size of microscopic organisms.

  • Microscopic Organisms Overview:

  • Study shape, size, characteristics, Kingdom, and Phylum of the following slides:

  • Trypanosome sp.

  • Shape: Spiral-shaped.

  • Kingdom: Protista.

  • Phylum: Euglenozoa.

  • Medical Relevance: Causes African Sleeping Sickness.

  • Bacillus subtilis

  • Shape: Rod (Bacillus).

  • Kingdom: Bacteria.

  • Characteristics: Gram-positive, found in soil, used in probiotics.

  • Penicillium sp.

  • Kingdom: Fungi.

  • Importance: Produces penicillin antibiotic.

  • Ulva sp.

  • Kingdom: Plantae.

  • Phylum: Chlorophyta.

  • Description: Green algae (sea lettuce).

  • Page 2: Microorganisms Part 2

  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae

  • Kingdom: Fungi.

  • Application: Used in baking and brewing.

  • Staphylococcus epidermidis

  • Shape: Cocci (round).

  • Kingdom: Bacteria.

  • Characteristics: Gram-positive, common on human skin.

  • Plasmodium vivax

  • Kingdom: Protista.

  • Implications: Causes malaria.

  • Forams

  • Kingdom: Protista.

  • Phylum: Foraminifera.

  • Description: Marine organisms with calcium carbonate shells.

  • Escherichia coli

  • Shape: Rod (Bacillus).

  • Kingdom: Bacteria.

  • Characteristics: Gram-negative, found in intestines, some strains cause illness.

  • Nostoc sp.

  • Kingdom: Bacteria (Cyanobacteria).

  • Function: Fixes nitrogen in aquatic environments.

  • Gram Staining:

  • Difference between Gram (+) and Gram (-):

  • Gram (+): Thick peptidoglycan layer, stains purple.

  • Gram (-): Thin peptidoglycan, outer membrane, stains pink.

  • Page 3: Plant Taxonomy and Reproductive Structures

  • Plant Taxa:

  • Charophyta (Green Algae): Closest relatives to land plants.

  • Bryophyta (Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts): Non-vascular, reproduce via spores.

  • Coniferophyta (Conifers, Cedars, Firs, Cypress): Cone-bearing, evergreen.

  • Monilophyta (Ferns & Relatives): Vascular, spore-producing.

  • Anthophyta (Flowering Plants): Most diverse, produce seeds in flowers.

  • Plant Classification:

  • Monocots:

  • Characteristics: One cotyledon, parallel leaf venation, scattered vascular bundles, fibrous root system.

  • Dicots:

  • Characteristics: Two cotyledons, net-like leaf venation, ringed vascular bundles, taproot system.

  • Flower Parts:

  • Sepal: Protects bud.

  • Petal: Attracts pollinators.

  • Stamen (Anther + Filament): Male reproductive part, produces pollen.

  • Carpel (Stigma + Style + Ovary): Female reproductive part, produces ovules.

  • Flower Shapes:

  • Funnelform, Tubular, Cruciform, Rotate, Ligulate.

  • Page 4: Structure of Paramecium and Euglena

  • Paramecium Structure:

  • Trichocyst: Defense mechanism.

  • Contractile Vacuole: Regulates water content.

  • Large Nucleus: Controls cellular activities.

  • Cilia: Movement and feeding.

  • Food Vacuole: Digestion.

  • Micronucleus: Reproduction.

  • Endoplasm: Inner cytoplasm.

  • Oral Groove: Feeding structure.

  • Ectoplasm: Outer cytoplasm.

  • Gullet: Food intake.

  • Euglena Structure:

  • Mitochondrion: Energy production.

  • Contractile Vacuole: Water regulation.

  • Flagellum: Movement.

  • Nucleus: Cellular control.

  • Eyespot: Light detection.

  • Chloroplast: Photosynthesis.

  • Page 5: Structure of Amoeba and Models

  • Page 6: Bacterial Shapes and Virus Types

  • Shapes of Bacteria:

  • Cocci: Round-shaped bacteria.

  • Examples:

  • Streptococcus pneumoniae: Causes pneumonia.

  • Staphylococcus aureus: Causes skin infections.

  • Bacilli: Rod-shaped bacteria.

  • Examples:

  • Bacillus anthracis: Causes anthrax.

  • Vibrios: Comma-shaped bacteria.

  • Example: Vibrio cholerae: Causes cholera.

  • Spirilla: Spiral-shaped bacteria.

  • Example: Helicobacter pylori: Causes stomach ulcers.

  • Viruses:

  • Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Infects plants.

  • Adenovirus: Causes respiratory illness.

  • Influenza Virus: Causes flu.

  • Bacteriophage: Virus that infects bacteria.

  • Page 7: Fruits and Pine Life Cycle

  • Fruit Types:

  • Simple Fruits: Develop from one ovary (e.g., Apple, Cherry).

  • Aggregate Fruits: Multiple ovaries from one flower (e.g., Strawberry).

  • Multiple Fruits: Many flowers fused into one fruit (e.g., Pineapple).

  • Dry Fruits:

  • Dehiscent: Split open (e.g., Peas).

  • Indehiscent: Do not split (e.g., Nuts).

  • Pine Life Cycle:

  • Sporophyte: Tree that produces male (pollen) and female (ovule) cones.

  • Pollination: Pollen travels by wind.

  • Fertilization: Sperm fertilizes egg in ovule.

  • Seed Development: Fertilized ovule becomes seed.

  • Germination: New pine tree grows.

  • Seed Dispersal Methods:

  • Wind, Water, Animal, Explosive mechanisms.

  • Page 8:

  • Notes:

  • Review data from Objective 1 lab, including statistical analysis (me hods:

Page 8:

• Notes:

  • Review data from Objective 1 lab, including statistical analysis (mean, median, mode, p-value).

  • Complete lab exercise questions in your composition notebook.