PHYSICS Paper 2:

  • Q: What is the formula for force?
      A: Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma)

  • Q: What is the unit of force?
      A: Newtons (N)

  • Q: What is a vector quantity?
      A: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction

  • Q: Is speed a scalar or vector quantity?
      A: Scalar

  • Q: Is velocity a scalar or vector quantity?
      A: Vector

  • Q: What is the weight formula?
      A: Weight = mass × gravitational field strength

  • Q: What is the unit of weight?
      A: Newtons (N)

  • Q: What is the value of g (gravitational field strength) on Earth?
      A: 9.8 N/kg

  • Q: How is weight measured?
      A: Using a newtonmeter

  • Q: What is the difference between mass and weight?
      A: Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the force due to gravity

  • Q: What is a contact force?
      A: A force that requires objects to be touching

  • Q: Give an example of a contact force.
      A: Friction or air resistance

  • Q: What is a non-contact force?
      A: A force that acts at a distance

  • Q: Give an example of a non-contact force.
      A: Gravitational force or magnetic force

  • Q: What is resultant force?
      A: A single force that has the same effect as all forces acting together

  • Q: What is Newton's First Law?
      A: An object remains at rest or moves at constant speed unless acted on by a resultant force

  • Q: What is Newton's Second Law?
      A: Force = mass × acceleration

  • Q: What is Newton's Third Law?
      A: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

  • Q: What is the formula for work done?
      A: Work = force × distance

  • Q: What is the unit of work done?
      A: Joules (J)

  • Q: What is the formula for speed?
      A: Speed = distance / time

  • Q: What is the unit of speed?
      A: Metres per second (m/s)

  • Q: What is the formula for acceleration?
      A: Acceleration = change in velocity / time

  • Q: What is the unit of acceleration?
      A: m/s²

  • Q: What does a flat line on a distance-time graph represent?
      A: Stationary object

  • Q: What does a straight, sloped line on a distance-time graph represent?
      A: Constant speed

  • Q: What does a curved line on a distance-time graph represent?
      A: Changing speed (acceleration)

  • Q: What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph show?
      A: Acceleration

  • Q: What does the area under a velocity-time graph show?
      A: Distance travelled

  • Q: What factors affect braking distance?
      A: Speed, road conditions, tyre condition, brakes

  • Q: What factors affect thinking distance?
      A: Reaction time, distractions, drugs, alcohol

  • Q: What is stopping distance?
      A: Thinking distance + braking distance

  • Q: What is terminal velocity?
      A: The maximum speed reached when weight is balanced by air resistance

  • Q: What is inertia?
      A: The tendency to remain in the same state of motion

  • Q: What does a larger resultant force cause?
      A: Greater acceleration

  • Q: What safety features increase stopping time?
      A: Seat belts, airbags, crumple zones

  • Q: What does momentum depend on?
      A: Mass and velocity

  • Q: What is the momentum formula?
      A: Momentum = mass × velocity

  • Q: What is the unit of momentum?
      A: kg·m/s

  • Q: What is the principle of conservation of momentum?
      A: Total momentum before = total momentum after

  • Q: What does an impulse cause?
      A: A change in momentum

  • Q: What is Hooke’s Law?
      A: Force = spring constant × extension (F = kx)

  • Q: What is the unit of spring constant?
      A: N/m

  • Q: What is elastic deformation?
      A: Object returns to original shape when force removed

  • Q: What is inelastic deformation?
      A: Object is permanently deformed

  • Q: What is the formula for elastic potential energy?
      A: E = ½ × k × e²

  • Q: What is the unit for elastic potential energy?
      A: Joules (J)

  • Q: When is an object balanced?
      A: When the resultant force and moment are zero

  • Q: What is a moment?
      A: Turning effect of a force

  • Q: What is the formula for a moment?
      A: Moment = force × distance (perpendicular)

  • Q: What is a wave?
      A: A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another

  • Q: What is the unit of frequency?
      A: Hertz (Hz)

  • Q: What is the formula for wave speed?
      A: Wave speed = frequency × wavelength

  • Q: What is the unit of wavelength?
      A: Metres (m)

  • Q: What is the unit of wave speed?
      A: Metres per second (m/s)

  • Q: What is a transverse wave?
      A: A wave where oscillations are perpendicular to direction of travel

  • Q: Give an example of a transverse wave.
      A: Light or water waves

  • Q: What is a longitudinal wave?
      A: A wave where oscillations are parallel to the direction of travel

  • Q: Give an example of a longitudinal wave.
      A: Sound

  • Q: What is compression in a longitudinal wave?
      A: Region where particles are close together

  • Q: What is rarefaction in a longitudinal wave?
      A: Region where particles are spread out

  • Q: What is frequency?
      A: The number of waves per second

  • Q: What is amplitude?
      A: The maximum displacement from the rest position

  • Q: How do you measure wavelength on a diagram?
      A: Distance from one crest to the next (or trough to trough)

  • Q: What does a larger amplitude mean?
      A: Greater energy

  • Q: What happens to wave speed if frequency increases but wavelength is constant?
      A: Wave speed increases

  • Q: What is reflection?
      A: When a wave bounces off a surface

  • Q: What is refraction?
      A: Bending of a wave as it enters a new medium

  • Q: What is diffraction?
      A: Spreading of waves as they pass through a gap or around obstacles

  • Q: What happens to light when it enters a denser medium?
      A: It slows down and bends toward the normal

  • Q: What is the normal line in reflection/refraction?
      A: An imaginary line at 90° to the surface

  • Q: What is the angle of incidence?
      A: Angle between the incident ray and the normal

  • Q: What is the angle of reflection?
      A: Angle between the reflected ray and the normal

  • Q: What is the law of reflection?
      A: Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

  • Q: What is total internal reflection?
      A: When a wave is completely reflected within a medium

  • Q: When does total internal reflection occur?
      A: When angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle

  • Q: What device uses total internal reflection?
      A: Optical fibres

  • Q: What part of the ear detects sound waves?
      A: Cochlea

  • Q: What is ultrasound?
      A: Sound with frequency above 20,000 Hz

  • Q: What is infrasound?
      A: Sound with frequency below 20 Hz

  • Q: How is ultrasound used in medicine?
      A: Imaging internal organs and unborn babies

  • Q: How is ultrasound used in industry?
      A: Detecting flaws in materials

  • Q: What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
      A: Range of all types of EM waves

  • Q: List the EM spectrum in order (lowest to highest frequency).
      A: Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, UV, X-ray, gamma

  • Q: Which EM wave has the longest wavelength?
      A: Radio waves

  • Q: Which EM wave has the highest frequency?
      A: Gamma rays

  • Q: Which EM wave has the most energy?
      A: Gamma rays

  • Q: What are microwaves used for?
      A: Cooking and satellite communication

  • Q: What is infrared radiation used for?
      A: Heating and night vision

  • Q: What is UV radiation used for?
      A: Fluorescent lamps and sterilisation

  • Q: What are X-rays used for?
      A: Medical imaging

  • Q: What are gamma rays used for?
      A: Cancer treatment and sterilising medical equipment

  • Q: What are the dangers of UV radiation?
      A: Skin cancer and eye damage

  • Q: What are the dangers of X-rays and gamma rays?
      A: Can cause cell mutation and cancer

  • Q: What is visible light used for?
      A: Seeing and communication (e.g. fibre optics)

  • Q: What is the speed of EM waves in a vacuum?
      A: 3 × 10⁸ m/s

  • Q: What is the wave equation for EM waves?
      A: Speed = frequency × wavelength

  • Q: What type of wave are EM waves?
      A: Transverse

  • Q: Do EM waves require a medium?
      A: No

  • Q: Which EM waves are ionising?
      A: UV, X-rays, and gamma rays

  • Q: What are the two types of magnets?
      A: Permanent and induced magnets

  • Q: What is a magnetic field?
      A: A region where magnetic materials experience a force

  • Q: How can you show a magnetic field?
      A: Using a compass or iron filings

  • Q: Where is the magnetic field strongest?
      A: At the poles of the magnet

  • Q: What are magnetic materials?
      A: Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt

  • Q: What is an induced magnet?
      A: A material that becomes magnetic when in a magnetic field

  • Q: What happens when you remove a magnetic field from an induced magnet?
      A: It loses its magnetism

  • Q: What is the shape of a magnetic field around a bar magnet?
      A: From north to south, in loops

  • Q: What does a compass contain?
      A: A small bar magnet

  • Q: What does a compass needle point to?
      A: Earth’s magnetic north

  • Q: What is the motor effect?
      A: A force on a wire carrying current in a magnetic field

  • Q: What factors affect the motor effect force?
      A: Magnetic field strength, current, length of wire

  • Q: What is Fleming’s left-hand rule used for?
      A: Predicting direction of force in the motor effect

  • Q: What is the generator effect?
      A: Inducing a voltage by moving a wire in a magnetic field

  • Q: What increases the size of induced voltage?
      A: Moving faster, stronger field, more coils

  • Q: What does a basic electric motor use?
      A: A coil of wire in a magnetic field

  • Q: What causes a coil in a motor to spin?
      A: The motor effect

  • Q: What device converts kinetic energy to electricity?
      A: A generator

  • Q: What is an electromagnet?
      A: A coil of wire with a current, creating a magnetic field

  • Q: How do you make an electromagnet stronger?
      A: More turns, more current, add iron core

  • Q: Where are electromagnets used?
      A: Relays, motors, cranes, doorbells

  • Q: What is a transformer?
      A: A device that changes voltage

  • Q: What current do transformers use?
      A: Alternating current (AC)

  • Q: What part of a transformer is magnetised?
      A: The iron core

  • Q: What is the equation for transformer voltage?
      A: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

  • Q: What does Vp mean in the transformer equation?
      A: Voltage in the primary coil

  • Q: What does Ns mean in the transformer equation?
      A: Number of turns on the secondary coil

  • Q: What is a step-up transformer?
      A: Increases voltage, decreases current

  • Q: What is a step-down transformer?
      A: Decreases voltage

  • Q: Why is electricity transmitted at high voltage?
      A: To reduce energy loss in cables

  • Q: What happens to current when voltage increases (constant power)?
      A: Current decreases

  • Q: Why are transformers important in the National Grid?
      A: They improve efficiency by reducing current

  • Q: What’s the formula linking power, current, and voltage?
      A: Power = voltage × current

  • Q: What is electromagnetic induction?
      A: Creating a voltage in a wire due to movement in a magnetic field

  • Q: How is magnetic field direction shown in a solenoid?
      A: Using right-hand grip rule

  • Q: What is a solenoid?
      A: A coil of wire that creates a uniform magnetic field

  • Q: What is the magnetic field like inside a solenoid?
      A: Strong and uniform

  • Q: What makes a magnetic field stronger in a solenoid?
      A: More coils, iron core, more current

  • Q: What happens if you reverse the current in a solenoid?
      A: The magnetic field reverses

  • Q: What does a loudspeaker use?
      A: The motor effect to move a cone and create sound

  • Q: What does a microphone use?
      A: Electromagnetic induction to generate a signal

  • Q: What does the National Grid consist of?
      A: Transformers, cables, pylons

  • Q: Where are step-up transformers used?
      A: At power stations

  • Q: Where are step-down transformers used?
      A: Before electricity enters homes

  • Q: What is the role of alternating current in transformers?
      A: It constantly changes, inducing a changing magnetic field

  • Q: What is the core of a transformer made of?
      A: Iron (soft magnetic material)

  • Q: Why are transformers efficient?
      A: They have low energy loss

  • Q: Can transformers work with DC?
      A: No, only AC

  • Q: What causes the magnetic field in a current-carrying wire?
      A: The movement of electrons

  • Q: What shape is the field around a straight wire with current?
      A: Concentric circles

  • Q: What is the order of objects in the solar system from the Sun?
      A: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

  • Q: What is the Sun?
      A: A star at the centre of our solar system

  • Q: What do planets orbit?
      A: The Sun

  • Q: What do moons orbit?
      A: Planets

  • Q: What is a satellite?
      A: An object that orbits a planet

  • Q: What are artificial satellites used for?
      A: Communication, weather monitoring, GPS

  • Q: What force keeps objects in orbit?
      A: Gravity

  • Q: What is a galaxy?
      A: A massive collection of stars, gas, and dust

  • Q: What galaxy is Earth in?
      A: The Milky Way

  • Q: What is the difference between a planet and a dwarf planet?
      A: Dwarf planets don’t clear their orbit of debris

  • Q: What are comets?
      A: Icy objects with elliptical orbits around the Sun

  • Q: What is an asteroid?
      A: A rocky object orbiting the Sun, mostly in the asteroid belt

  • Q: What happens to a comet’s speed as it approaches the Sun?
      A: It increases due to gravitational pull

  • Q: What type of orbit do satellites have?
      A: Circular or elliptical

  • Q: What happens if a satellite moves too slowly?
      A: It will fall to Earth

  • Q: What happens if a satellite moves too fast?
      A: It will escape orbit

  • Q: What causes a satellite to stay in a stable orbit?
      A: The balance between gravity and its motion

  • Q: What is a geostationary satellite?
      A: A satellite that orbits once every 24 hours and stays above the same point on Earth

  • Q: What are geostationary satellites used for?
      A: TV and communication

  • Q: What are low polar orbit satellites used for?
      A: Earth observation and weather forecasting

  • Q: What is a protostar?
      A: A collapsing cloud of gas and dust forming a star

  • Q: What process powers a star?
      A: Nuclear fusion

  • Q: What is the main sequence stage?
      A: Stable phase of a star where fusion of hydrogen occurs

  • Q: What happens when a star runs out of hydrogen?
      A: It becomes a red giant or red supergiant

  • Q: What happens to a small star after the red giant stage?
      A: It becomes a white dwarf

  • Q: What is a white dwarf?
      A: The hot core left behind after a small star sheds its outer layers

  • Q: What is a black dwarf?
      A: A cooled white dwarf that no longer emits light

  • Q: What happens to a massive star after the red supergiant stage?
      A: It undergoes a supernova

  • Q: What is a supernova?
      A: A huge explosion at the end of a massive star’s life

  • Q: What can a supernova produce?
      A: A neutron star or a black hole

  • Q: What is a neutron star?
      A: The dense core left after a supernova

  • Q: What is a black hole?
      A: A point of infinite density where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape

  • Q: What elements are formed in stars?
      A: Elements up to iron

  • Q: How are elements heavier than iron formed?
      A: In supernovae

  • Q: What is redshift?
      A: The stretching of light waves from distant galaxies, making them appear red

  • Q: What does redshift provide evidence for?
      A: The universe is expanding

  • Q: What is the Big Bang theory?
      A: The idea that the universe began from a single point and has been expanding since

  • Q: What evidence supports the Big Bang theory?
      A: Redshift and cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)

  • Q: What is CMBR?
      A: Radiation left over from the early universe

  • Q: What is dark matter?
      A: A substance that doesn't emit light but has mass and affects galaxies' motion

  • Q: What is dark energy?
      A: A mysterious force causing the accelerated expansion of the universe

  • Q: What is the current age of the universe estimated to be?
      A: Around 13.8 billion years

  • Q: What do astronomers use to study space?
      A: Telescopes (optical, radio, space-based)

  • Q: What is an exoplanet?
      A: A planet orbiting a star outside our solar system

  • Q: What is orbital speed affected by?
      A: Mass of the central object and radius of the orbit

  • Q: What is the formula for orbital speed?
      A: Orbital speed = 2π × radius / time

  • Q: Why do stars appear to move in the sky?
      A: Due to Earth’s rotation

  • Q: What happens to light from stars moving away from us?
      A: It is redshifted

  • Q: What does an increasing redshift tell us?
      A: Distant galaxies are moving away faster

  • Q: What might happen to the universe in the future?
      A: It could continue expanding, slow down, or collapse (Big Freeze, Big Crunch, Big Rip)