PHYSICS Paper 2:

Q: What is the formula for force?
  A: Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma)

Q: What is the unit of force?
  A: Newtons (N)

Q: What is a vector quantity?
  A: A quantity that has both magnitude and direction

Q: Is speed a scalar or vector quantity?
  A: Scalar

Q: Is velocity a scalar or vector quantity?
  A: Vector

Q: What is the weight formula?
  A: Weight = mass × gravitational field strength

Q: What is the unit of weight?
  A: Newtons (N)

Q: What is the value of g (gravitational field strength) on Earth?
  A: 9.8 N/kg

Q: How is weight measured?
  A: Using a newtonmeter

Q: What is the difference between mass and weight?
  A: Mass is the amount of matter; weight is the force due to gravity

Q: What is a contact force?
  A: A force that requires objects to be touching

Q: Give an example of a contact force.
  A: Friction or air resistance

Q: What is a non-contact force?
  A: A force that acts at a distance

Q: Give an example of a non-contact force.
  A: Gravitational force or magnetic force

Q: What is resultant force?
  A: A single force that has the same effect as all forces acting together

Q: What is Newton's First Law?
  A: An object remains at rest or moves at constant speed unless acted on by a resultant force

Q: What is Newton's Second Law?
  A: Force = mass × acceleration

Q: What is Newton's Third Law?
  A: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

Q: What is the formula for work done?
  A: Work = force × distance

Q: What is the unit of work done?
  A: Joules (J)

Q: What is the formula for speed?
  A: Speed = distance / time

Q: What is the unit of speed?
  A: Metres per second (m/s)

Q: What is the formula for acceleration?
  A: Acceleration = change in velocity / time

Q: What is the unit of acceleration?
  A: m/s²

Q: What does a flat line on a distance-time graph represent?
  A: Stationary object

Q: What does a straight, sloped line on a distance-time graph represent?
  A: Constant speed

Q: What does a curved line on a distance-time graph represent?
  A: Changing speed (acceleration)

Q: What does the gradient of a velocity-time graph show?
  A: Acceleration

Q: What does the area under a velocity-time graph show?
  A: Distance travelled

Q: What factors affect braking distance?
  A: Speed, road conditions, tyre condition, brakes

Q: What factors affect thinking distance?
  A: Reaction time, distractions, drugs, alcohol

Q: What is stopping distance?
  A: Thinking distance + braking distance

Q: What is terminal velocity?
  A: The maximum speed reached when weight is balanced by air resistance

Q: What is inertia?
  A: The tendency to remain in the same state of motion

Q: What does a larger resultant force cause?
  A: Greater acceleration

Q: What safety features increase stopping time?
  A: Seat belts, airbags, crumple zones

Q: What does momentum depend on?
  A: Mass and velocity

Q: What is the momentum formula?
  A: Momentum = mass × velocity

Q: What is the unit of momentum?
  A: kg·m/s

Q: What is the principle of conservation of momentum?
  A: Total momentum before = total momentum after

Q: What does an impulse cause?
  A: A change in momentum

Q: What is Hooke’s Law?
  A: Force = spring constant × extension (F = kx)

Q: What is the unit of spring constant?
  A: N/m

Q: What is elastic deformation?
  A: Object returns to original shape when force removed

Q: What is inelastic deformation?
  A: Object is permanently deformed

Q: What is the formula for elastic potential energy?
  A: E = ½ × k × e²

Q: What is the unit for elastic potential energy?
  A: Joules (J)

Q: When is an object balanced?
  A: When the resultant force and moment are zero

Q: What is a moment?
  A: Turning effect of a force

Q: What is the formula for a moment?
  A: Moment = force × distance (perpendicular)

Q: What is a wave?
  A: A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another

Q: What is the unit of frequency?
  A: Hertz (Hz)

Q: What is the formula for wave speed?
  A: Wave speed = frequency × wavelength

Q: What is the unit of wavelength?
  A: Metres (m)

Q: What is the unit of wave speed?
  A: Metres per second (m/s)

Q: What is a transverse wave?
  A: A wave where oscillations are perpendicular to direction of travel

Q: Give an example of a transverse wave.
  A: Light or water waves

Q: What is a longitudinal wave?
  A: A wave where oscillations are parallel to the direction of travel

Q: Give an example of a longitudinal wave.
  A: Sound

Q: What is compression in a longitudinal wave?
  A: Region where particles are close together

Q: What is rarefaction in a longitudinal wave?
  A: Region where particles are spread out

Q: What is frequency?
  A: The number of waves per second

Q: What is amplitude?
  A: The maximum displacement from the rest position

Q: How do you measure wavelength on a diagram?
  A: Distance from one crest to the next (or trough to trough)

Q: What does a larger amplitude mean?
  A: Greater energy

Q: What happens to wave speed if frequency increases but wavelength is constant?
  A: Wave speed increases

Q: What is reflection?
  A: When a wave bounces off a surface

Q: What is refraction?
  A: Bending of a wave as it enters a new medium

Q: What is diffraction?
  A: Spreading of waves as they pass through a gap or around obstacles

Q: What happens to light when it enters a denser medium?
  A: It slows down and bends toward the normal

Q: What is the normal line in reflection/refraction?
  A: An imaginary line at 90° to the surface

Q: What is the angle of incidence?
  A: Angle between the incident ray and the normal

Q: What is the angle of reflection?
  A: Angle between the reflected ray and the normal

Q: What is the law of reflection?
  A: Angle of incidence = angle of reflection

Q: What is total internal reflection?
  A: When a wave is completely reflected within a medium

Q: When does total internal reflection occur?
  A: When angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle

Q: What device uses total internal reflection?
  A: Optical fibres

Q: What part of the ear detects sound waves?
  A: Cochlea

Q: What is ultrasound?
  A: Sound with frequency above 20,000 Hz

Q: What is infrasound?
  A: Sound with frequency below 20 Hz

Q: How is ultrasound used in medicine?
  A: Imaging internal organs and unborn babies

Q: How is ultrasound used in industry?
  A: Detecting flaws in materials

Q: What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
  A: Range of all types of EM waves

Q: List the EM spectrum in order (lowest to highest frequency).
  A: Radio, microwave, infrared, visible, UV, X-ray, gamma

Q: Which EM wave has the longest wavelength?
  A: Radio waves

Q: Which EM wave has the highest frequency?
  A: Gamma rays

Q: Which EM wave has the most energy?
  A: Gamma rays

Q: What are microwaves used for?
  A: Cooking and satellite communication

Q: What is infrared radiation used for?
  A: Heating and night vision

Q: What is UV radiation used for?
  A: Fluorescent lamps and sterilisation

Q: What are X-rays used for?
  A: Medical imaging

Q: What are gamma rays used for?
  A: Cancer treatment and sterilising medical equipment

Q: What are the dangers of UV radiation?
  A: Skin cancer and eye damage

Q: What are the dangers of X-rays and gamma rays?
  A: Can cause cell mutation and cancer

Q: What is visible light used for?
  A: Seeing and communication (e.g. fibre optics)

Q: What is the speed of EM waves in a vacuum?
  A: 3 × 10⁸ m/s

Q: What is the wave equation for EM waves?
  A: Speed = frequency × wavelength

Q: What type of wave are EM waves?
  A: Transverse

Q: Do EM waves require a medium?
  A: No

Q: Which EM waves are ionising?
  A: UV, X-rays, and gamma rays

Q: What are the two types of magnets?
  A: Permanent and induced magnets

Q: What is a magnetic field?
  A: A region where magnetic materials experience a force

Q: How can you show a magnetic field?
  A: Using a compass or iron filings

Q: Where is the magnetic field strongest?
  A: At the poles of the magnet

Q: What are magnetic materials?
  A: Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt

Q: What is an induced magnet?
  A: A material that becomes magnetic when in a magnetic field

Q: What happens when you remove a magnetic field from an induced magnet?
  A: It loses its magnetism

Q: What is the shape of a magnetic field around a bar magnet?
  A: From north to south, in loops

Q: What does a compass contain?
  A: A small bar magnet

Q: What does a compass needle point to?
  A: Earth’s magnetic north

Q: What is the motor effect?
  A: A force on a wire carrying current in a magnetic field

Q: What factors affect the motor effect force?
  A: Magnetic field strength, current, length of wire

Q: What is Fleming’s left-hand rule used for?
  A: Predicting direction of force in the motor effect

Q: What is the generator effect?
  A: Inducing a voltage by moving a wire in a magnetic field

Q: What increases the size of induced voltage?
  A: Moving faster, stronger field, more coils

Q: What does a basic electric motor use?
  A: A coil of wire in a magnetic field

Q: What causes a coil in a motor to spin?
  A: The motor effect

Q: What device converts kinetic energy to electricity?
  A: A generator

Q: What is an electromagnet?
  A: A coil of wire with a current, creating a magnetic field

Q: How do you make an electromagnet stronger?
  A: More turns, more current, add iron core

Q: Where are electromagnets used?
  A: Relays, motors, cranes, doorbells

Q: What is a transformer?
  A: A device that changes voltage

Q: What current do transformers use?
  A: Alternating current (AC)

Q: What part of a transformer is magnetised?
  A: The iron core

Q: What is the equation for transformer voltage?
  A: Vp/Vs = Np/Ns

Q: What does Vp mean in the transformer equation?
  A: Voltage in the primary coil

Q: What does Ns mean in the transformer equation?
  A: Number of turns on the secondary coil

Q: What is a step-up transformer?
  A: Increases voltage, decreases current

Q: What is a step-down transformer?
  A: Decreases voltage

Q: Why is electricity transmitted at high voltage?
  A: To reduce energy loss in cables

Q: What happens to current when voltage increases (constant power)?
  A: Current decreases

Q: Why are transformers important in the National Grid?
  A: They improve efficiency by reducing current

Q: What’s the formula linking power, current, and voltage?
  A: Power = voltage × current

Q: What is electromagnetic induction?
  A: Creating a voltage in a wire due to movement in a magnetic field

Q: How is magnetic field direction shown in a solenoid?
  A: Using right-hand grip rule

Q: What is a solenoid?
  A: A coil of wire that creates a uniform magnetic field

Q: What is the magnetic field like inside a solenoid?
  A: Strong and uniform

Q: What makes a magnetic field stronger in a solenoid?
  A: More coils, iron core, more current

Q: What happens if you reverse the current in a solenoid?
  A: The magnetic field reverses

Q: What does a loudspeaker use?
  A: The motor effect to move a cone and create sound

Q: What does a microphone use?
  A: Electromagnetic induction to generate a signal

Q: What does the National Grid consist of?
  A: Transformers, cables, pylons

Q: Where are step-up transformers used?
  A: At power stations

Q: Where are step-down transformers used?
  A: Before electricity enters homes

Q: What is the role of alternating current in transformers?
  A: It constantly changes, inducing a changing magnetic field

Q: What is the core of a transformer made of?
  A: Iron (soft magnetic material)

Q: Why are transformers efficient?
  A: They have low energy loss

Q: Can transformers work with DC?
  A: No, only AC

Q: What causes the magnetic field in a current-carrying wire?
  A: The movement of electrons

Q: What shape is the field around a straight wire with current?
  A: Concentric circles

Q: What is the order of objects in the solar system from the Sun?
  A: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Q: What is the Sun?
  A: A star at the centre of our solar system

Q: What do planets orbit?
  A: The Sun

Q: What do moons orbit?
  A: Planets

Q: What is a satellite?
  A: An object that orbits a planet

Q: What are artificial satellites used for?
  A: Communication, weather monitoring, GPS

Q: What force keeps objects in orbit?
  A: Gravity

Q: What is a galaxy?
  A: A massive collection of stars, gas, and dust

Q: What galaxy is Earth in?
  A: The Milky Way

Q: What is the difference between a planet and a dwarf planet?
  A: Dwarf planets don’t clear their orbit of debris

Q: What are comets?
  A: Icy objects with elliptical orbits around the Sun

Q: What is an asteroid?
  A: A rocky object orbiting the Sun, mostly in the asteroid belt

Q: What happens to a comet’s speed as it approaches the Sun?
  A: It increases due to gravitational pull

Q: What type of orbit do satellites have?
  A: Circular or elliptical

Q: What happens if a satellite moves too slowly?
  A: It will fall to Earth

Q: What happens if a satellite moves too fast?
  A: It will escape orbit

Q: What causes a satellite to stay in a stable orbit?
  A: The balance between gravity and its motion

Q: What is a geostationary satellite?
  A: A satellite that orbits once every 24 hours and stays above the same point on Earth

Q: What are geostationary satellites used for?
  A: TV and communication

Q: What are low polar orbit satellites used for?
  A: Earth observation and weather forecasting

Q: What is a protostar?
  A: A collapsing cloud of gas and dust forming a star

Q: What process powers a star?
  A: Nuclear fusion

Q: What is the main sequence stage?
  A: Stable phase of a star where fusion of hydrogen occurs

Q: What happens when a star runs out of hydrogen?
  A: It becomes a red giant or red supergiant

Q: What happens to a small star after the red giant stage?
  A: It becomes a white dwarf

Q: What is a white dwarf?
  A: The hot core left behind after a small star sheds its outer layers

Q: What is a black dwarf?
  A: A cooled white dwarf that no longer emits light

Q: What happens to a massive star after the red supergiant stage?
  A: It undergoes a supernova

Q: What is a supernova?
  A: A huge explosion at the end of a massive star’s life

Q: What can a supernova produce?
  A: A neutron star or a black hole

Q: What is a neutron star?
  A: The dense core left after a supernova

Q: What is a black hole?
  A: A point of infinite density where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape

Q: What elements are formed in stars?
  A: Elements up to iron

Q: How are elements heavier than iron formed?
  A: In supernovae

Q: What is redshift?
  A: The stretching of light waves from distant galaxies, making them appear red

Q: What does redshift provide evidence for?
  A: The universe is expanding

Q: What is the Big Bang theory?
  A: The idea that the universe began from a single point and has been expanding since

Q: What evidence supports the Big Bang theory?
  A: Redshift and cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)

Q: What is CMBR?
  A: Radiation left over from the early universe

Q: What is dark matter?
  A: A substance that doesn't emit light but has mass and affects galaxies' motion

Q: What is dark energy?
  A: A mysterious force causing the accelerated expansion of the universe

Q: What is the current age of the universe estimated to be?
  A: Around 13.8 billion years

Q: What do astronomers use to study space?
  A: Telescopes (optical, radio, space-based)

Q: What is an exoplanet?
  A: A planet orbiting a star outside our solar system

Q: What is orbital speed affected by?
  A: Mass of the central object and radius of the orbit

Q: What is the formula for orbital speed?
  A: Orbital speed = 2π × radius / time

Q: Why do stars appear to move in the sky?
  A: Due to Earth’s rotation

Q: What happens to light from stars moving away from us?
  A: It is redshifted

Q: What does an increasing redshift tell us?
  A: Distant galaxies are moving away faster

Q: What might happen to the universe in the future?
  A: It could continue expanding, slow down, or collapse (Big Freeze, Big Crunch, Big Rip)