Unit 9 Globalization
9.5 Calls for Reform and Responses
Human Rights were starting to be taken seriously becuase of the inequalities globalization has caused.
December 1948, The United Nations created the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sought to recognize the rights of all (basic rights) disregarding sex, race, class, religion, customs, etc.
In 1946, the UN created the UNICEF, United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund, to provide food for European children who suffered from WWII.
International Court of Justice/ World Court - judicial body set up by the UN charter, which settles international disputes. Contains a total of 15 judges, each from a different country. Deals with border disputes and treaty violations.
The United Nations also aims to protect refugees, they established the UNHCR, United Nations High Commision of Refugees and used NGOS, to help provide displaced people with food, shelter, medicine, etc. Ex: Palestinians from Israel
Global Feminism - January 21, 2017 after Trump was elected, the Women’s March on Washington drew thousands of people to fight for the rights of women.
1979 Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination amongst women allowed women to…
Vote + hold office
Choose spouse
Have same education as men
Access Birth Control
Cultural and Relgious Movements
Nergitude Movement - took place in French W. Africa, emphasized “blackness” and rejected French colonial rule and sought for self-determination.
Leopold Sedar Senghor - wrote poems about the beauty of Africans, then served as president of Senegal.
Liberation theology - combination of socialism and Catholicism, spread thru Latin America. (interpreted teaching of Jesus to include freeing people from all abuses)
Included redistribuiting some wealth from the rich to the poor
Military dictators killed religious workers who embraced this theological factor
SUCCESSES OF LIBERATION THEOLOGY -
Nicaragua, helped rebel movement + institute socialist gov.
Venezuela, Hugo Chavez was influenced by this movement.
2013, the Roman Catholic Church selected Pope Francis, reversed Vatican opposition to liberation theology.
Steps Toward Gender Equality -
20th century, literacy rates of women increased
Women gained the rights to vote, many women won it at different times depending on the country itself + may need qualifications
2018, Vatican City does not allow women to vote
In Pakistan women achieved the right to vote, but only 10% of their votes count
Steps Toward Racial Equality
1965, Civil Rights Act, outlawed ALL discrimination
1965, Voting Rights Act, banned discrimination upon voting
African Americans fought for desegregation of schools
South Africas system of apartheid (1948), enforced segregation. PASS LAWS required black South Africans to carry IDs when entering areas that were made for white people. Also, couldnt live in parts of the country, cannot be interacially married, classes for blacks only taught in Afrikaans
European colonizers pushed South Africans off their land
Challenges to Apartheid
1964, Nelson Mandela, leader of the African National Congress, was imprisoned for going against apartheid. ANC wanted to end white domination and create a diverse South Afirca. His imprisonment inspired global movements, protests began in S. Africa, but were crushed by the government.
S. Africa = Pariah State (undesirable)
F. W. de Klerk = president in 1989, announced Nelson Mandela’s release from prison
Series of reforms ended apartheid, held free elections + joined UN, Nelson Mandela was elected president
Uniting S. Africa
TRC (Truth and Reconcilation Commission), TRC organized a series of 19 public hearings designed to expose the truth of human rights and the downsides which had occured during apartheid
Caste Reservation in India
1949 Constitution outlawed the discrimination amongst Dalits, known as the untouchables. Pakistan did as well. If you were touched by an Dalit you would need a cleansing ritual. India established the caste resrvation system, which resereved education and jobs for people apart of the lower castes.
Human Rights and Repression in China
CCP ruled China w an iron fist
Censored news industry and controlled what students were taught
Limited freedom of speech
NGOS were not free to operate in China
Tinanmen Square
Chinese intellectuals and students protested against their gov in 1919
1989, pro democratic people created an event mourning a high leader
Protestors wanted to talk to Chinese leaders ab freedom, they refused
People began strikes, protested the Tinanmen Square, gov declared martial law and killed many people, but Chinese officials say no one died
Minority Rights in China
55 ethnic minorities in China, struggled demands
Ex: Tibetans want more indepedence, while Uighur people face discirmination in Xinjiang
2011, Mongolian ppl in China protested the number of Han Chinese who moved to inner Mongolia. While the Han people settled here, environmental damages were made
Steps toward Environmental Repair
Earth Day April 22, evironmental awareness
Greenpeace, founded 1971, organization to advocate for the environment, EX: overfishing
Green Belt Movement, 1977, direct response to environmental degradation (streams dried up and food supply was low), helped women plant trees to help w the fertilization of soil + collect rain
Steps toward Economic Fairness
WTO created WFTO (World Fair Trade Organization)
10 PRINCIPLES JUST ALL ABOUT BEING FAIR
9.6 Globalized Culture
Modernism = rejection of tradition in favor of experimentation and uncertainty
After WWII, consumer culture was developed - people focued on what they bought + owned
POLITICAL, SOCIAL, AND ARTISTIC CHANGES
-Political
Imperialism = competition among nations
Cold War caused division of the world
Collaboration gradually replaced competition as nations created organizations such as the UN, NAFTA, European Union, WTO
Social
Rights movements
Beliefs of the interaction of humans w the environment (Scientists) + tech developments
Artistic
visual arts, literature, music
Harlem Renaissance, Rebirth of African American culture (center of black artistic expression, jazz emerged)
Global Consumer and Popular Culture
Popular Culture - culture of everday ppl rather than the educated elite
Radio, movies, TV created a culture shared thru out nations
Radio created comedy reliefs while Movies played roles of relief of Great Depression
COMMERCIALS helped w consumer culture
Americanizaton - ppl learned ab the U.S ALOT more
Ppl thought that American culture was throwaway culture
English Spreads and Changes
English became a primary language of the world
Many English spekaing corportations moved their call centers to India and the Philippines, large # of fluent english speakers who worked for low wages
As English spread it chaned EX: Indians used the word prepone which means postpone
GLOBAL BRANDS AND COMMERCE
Multinational corporations = global brands
Online commerce = sites like amazon and Ebay allow ppl to buy off of online sites
Global Influences on Popular Culture = influences from other cultures have been welcomed by the United States, for example, Bollywood, ANIME from Japan, REGGAE music from Jamaica, KPOP from Korea, streaming video sites help!
SOCIAL MEDIA AND CENSORSHIP
Twitter, Facebook, Snap, etc.
Inspire, but also have a downside
China banned social media from outside of the country (censorship of any bad communist ideas)
GLOBAL CULTURE IN SPORTS
Olympic games in 1896 showed internationalism
World Cup
Basketball, players became interantionally known
As a result, sports became more avalibale to women
GLOBAL CULTURE AND RELGION
Beatles launched Hari Krishna movement, based on Hindu scriptures
New Age - religions forms of Buddhism, shamanis, sufism, etc were revived for Westerners
Falun Gong, movement based on Buddhist + Daoist traditions
Nonbelievers - rose, not affilated w any religion
9.7 RESISTANCE TO GLOBALIZATION
International Monetary Fund and WTO work to maximize profits but sacrificed labor conditions, safety, environmental conservation, and national independence.
North Korea has resisted economic and cultural globalization + SAUDI AND CHINA RESISTED CULTURAL thru social meida. They want for goods to flow freely but not particulary ideas
ROOTS OF GLOBALIZATON AND ANTI GLOBALIZATION
After WWII organizatoins contributed to the growth of a global economy. GATT, EU, Mercosure, and ASEAN, meant to help economies. Less tarrifs and restrictions on trade - fall of borders
In 1995, WTO replaced GATT
BATTLE OF SEATTLE - in 1999, protests erupted at a WTO conference. WTO planned round of trade negotiations, 40,000 protestors arrived. Ppl shut down the meeting. (Anti globalization)
WHY RESIST GLOBALIZATION
People buy goods without realizing what actually goes on in the process of making or achieving these goods.
CHOCOLATE CONSUMERS - child labor W. Africa
AMAZON WORKERS - no bathroom breaks, bad work conditions
RANZA PLAZA FACTORY - Building fell in Bangladesh, killed + injured ppl
EVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE
fuel used to ship these goods cause pollution + increase amount of greenhouse gases, worsening climate change
Kill forests to make cattle farms in Brazil
THREATS TO NATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY
BREXIT = british leave EU bc the EU interfered the rights of Britian to govern itself
ECONOMIC RESISTANCE
Globalization and international agreements can destroy local businesses.
Small businesses cannot cross state lines or extract nat resources needed
distrusted World Bank, agencies favor richer nations over poorer ones
WHAT MEASURES DO ANTI GLOBALIST FAVOR
Human RIghts
Fair Trade
Sustainable development
Debt relief or debt restructuring
ANTI GLOBALIZATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA
Used internet to spread deas
1,000 rioters in Urumqi China resulted in higher tensions bw Han and ppl from Uighur ethnicity (Muslim)
China blamed Facebook + Twitter for this conflict and created Weibo, which China could censor things
Saudi Arabia uses Twitter and Facebook to harass and intimidate citiznes
9.8 INSTITUTIONS DEVELOPING IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD
The United Nations : A Structure For Peace
U.S, GB, USSR, and China discussed the idea of the UN born in 1945.
League of Nations vs UN
After WWI = League of Nations, world peace, US never joined, disbanded after it failed to prevent WWII
ASSEMBLIES OF THE UN
General Assembly - all members have representation. Decides important questions on peace, security, new members, and budgets
Secuirty Council - 5 permanent members, US, FRANCE, GB, RUSSIA, CHINA - acts onm issues the General Assembly debates
Secretariat - leads and influences whole organization, comes from small and neutral nation, all 5 permanent members must vote yes
International Court of Justice - settles international disputes
Economic and Social Council - directs economical, social, humanitarian and cultural activities
Trusteeship Council - Help areas become independent, now suspended
UN AND HUMAN RIGHTS
FREEDOM, EQUALITY, FAIRNESS
Keeping the Peace
civilians police, and troops from member countries are sent to trouble spots to help ease tensions FIRST EX: Arab Israeli Conflict in Palestine
Expansion in the 1990s
Individual countries supplied soldiers to form UN peacekeeping forces
Soldiers were lightly armed and only attacked when they were attacked
PROBLEM: they were slow, and by the time they send the troops the war could’ve gotten worse
UN PRIORITIES
Protecting refugees
WFP (World Food Program) provide food to countries
Supporting education, science, and culture, WWII destroyed schoolin, so UN created UNESCO ( Uniteed Nations Educational Scientific Cultural Organization to help w organization within countries
Other UN Missions
WHO controlled epidemics
UNICEF - helped children in need who needed food after WWII
HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH ( HRW ) - monitored human rights in countries
GLOBAL GOALS
Wipe out hunger, poverty, gender equality, clean water and sanitation for all, and fighting climate change - Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL NGOS
World Bank - fought poverty by providing loans to countries in need, worked on infastructure, education, diseas expansion. Ignored how it damaged the environment
IMF - designed to keep a countrys economy by providing stable currency and exchange rates. short term loans + provided economic advice. IMF failed to recognize each country’s needs
NGOS SEPERATE FROM THE UN
International Peace Bureau founded in 1891 promoted peace. Began working for nuclear disarmament in 1980s, and lobbied gov’s to reduce military spending.
9.9 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD
Discovery in science and technological advancements was a HUGE change
ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECH
The Origin of the Universe - Big Bang, theory in which the universe started with one single comsic event
Wave Science - radio, light, sound, microwaves - improvements in radio and cellular communications as well as faster internet
Medical Science - discoveries on germs, viruses, diseases, + human body. Led to many vaccines from previous years. Antibiotics (penicillin), Birth Control, and treatments for cancer and arthritis
Energy technologies - People made advancements in extracting oil. Nuclear power = high source of energy. Renewable sources = wind, solar, geothermal, made it cheaper to proudce.
Communication Tech - Radio, TV, telephone coverage in homes. Internet and cellphones replaced these, communications rose
Transportation Tech - Airplanes, Jets, larger ships. These all allowed the transportation for goods and people
Changes in a Globalized World
Social Changes - population grew faster in devleoping countries. Improvements from transportation and communication made it easier for ppl to migrate from less DV countries to more DV = brain drain, highly educated ppl leaving homes to find jobs elsewhere
Girls and Women statuses increased. They began entering careers that were originally held for men. Women could hold high positions and vote. Also, some women decided to have kids later to pursure education thanks to Birth Control.
Economic Changes - Exploitation occured less, specifically in DV areas, people began creating own materials. U.S = dominant economic force. Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore all created policies for economic growth, relied on inexpesnive labor + high quality manufacturing. China = 2nd largest economy.
Political Change - Mass protest movements helped with change. India showed how to protest without violence. Women’s rights movements, Anti-war movements, protests again apartheid, democracy movements (political protests on Arab Spring)
Governments were sometimes slow to respond to change. Many killed the protesters. Government played a larger role in economies, change from free market(laissez-faire)
Cultural Changes - Info + ppl spread rapidly, so do cultures and traditions. Globally people consumed Western culture, from movies, shows, fashion, etc. Some nations adopted it.
While global audiences watched hollywood, cuisine from China, Japan, India etc played roles in America and Europe. Music + Art from Asia went to U.S, internet made it easier to spread.
Environmental changes - Space Age = limits placed on humans by environment were broken, space exploration became possible. Airbone pollution increased as factories, homes, and automobiles got power from carbon based fuels. Water pollution increased. Climate increased (global warming), creating more intense weather conditions.