P4 (1800-1848)

  • Abolitionist Movement: baseed in north, aimed at immediate emancipation of enslaved people, rooted in second great awakening. → William Garrison, Frederick Douglass (north Star), Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner truth

  • Adams Onis Treaty (1819): Spain ceded florida to US, western border in Louisiana boundary

  • Agricultural Inventions: cotton gin, mechanical reaper, steel plow → made farming efficient, connect agriculture to markets

  • American Anti-Slavery Society: founded by William Lloyd Garrison, demanded for immediate emancipation thru newspaper Liberator. radical, condemned constitution

  • American System: clay’s economy plan. increased tariffs, national bank (second bank, not renewed), federal spending for internal improvements. controversial, cause rifts in dem-reps

  • American Temperance Society: persuade drinkers towards total abstinence, Protestant & women concerned. Maine banned liquor.

  • American Peace Society (1828): protested war with Mexico, abolish war

  • Annexation of Texas: Manifest Destiny, James Polk expanded into this and Oregon → Led to Mex-Am war

  • Anti-Slavery Movement: proposed gradual abolition/immediate abolition. second great awakening led many to view slavery as wrong.

  • Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: first commercial railroad, connected northeast and midwest in market rev

  • Cotton Gin and Growth of Short Staple Cotton: invention that led to cotton reliance, need warm & wet region, expanded from deep south westward, expanded slavery

  • Cumberland Road: first major improved highway in US

  • Declaration of Sentiments: created from Seneca Falls Convention 1848 to model Declaration of Independence. “all men and women are created equal”

  • Democrats (led by Jackson): spread political power to people, western expansion, against national bank

  • Distant Market: farmers began to produce goods to be sold farther (national, international → beyond local)

  • Dorothea Dix and Prison Reform: built new mental hospitals, build new prisons & set new system with rigid rules and programs → asylum movement

  • Embargo Act (1807): prohibit American merchant ships from sailing to foreign port in order to stop british impressment & ship warfare, backfired

  • Erie Canal: links great lakes with hudson river, made NYC a port, cities pop up around canals, transports people & goods

  • Era of Good Feelings: President Monroe, low political division in country, high nationalism, no party system (dem-reps)

  • First Industrial Revolution: shift towards industry, market based economy in North with new technology & transportation

  • Free Soil Movement: political party with purpose of stopping expansion in slavery in western territories. “free soil, free labor, free men” free homsteads

  • German Immigrants & Irish immigrants: looked down upon, seen as drunk animals who steal votes, Catholic

  • Golden Age of American Whaling: maritime commerce, usa use whale oil for lighting and lubrication

  • Horace Mann and Education Reform: compulsory attendance for students, public schools, longer school year, teach literacy & moral principles (hard work, etc). Dr. Howe & school for blind/deaf

  • Hudson River School of Art: emphasized heroic beauty of American’s natural world, romantic age

  • Indian Removal Act (1830): Jackson forced American Indians to leave home and resettle west of Mississippi → buerau of indian affairs to help in 1836, Trail of Tears, Cherokee Nation v Georgia (cherokee could not sue), Worcester v Georgia (georgia could not force cherokee)

  • Indian Territory (Oklahoma): designated destination for forced relocation of native tribes under president andrew jackson indian removal act

  • Interchangeable Parts: spur market revolution. standardized parts for common items like guns. allow for easy fixes, replaces, economic efficiency

  • Jackson's Veto of the Second BUS: bank war against private monopoly, unconstitutional, share only interests of wealthy

  • Judicial Review: Ability to declare executive and congressional acts unconstitutional

  • King Cotton: dominant cash crop in Southern economy & society, shaped social hierarchies, labor systems, political dynamics esp w/ southern slavery & agrarianism

  • Knickerbocker Group: literary movement defining American literature following war of 1812, Washington Irving, James Cooper, William Cullen Bryant

  • Know Nothings/American Party: formed in 1850s, restricted immigration, prejudice towards irish & german immigrants, dislike Catholicism

  • Lancaster Turnpike: PA turnpike, stimulated construction of other short toll roads, connected country’s major cities

  • Lewis and Clark: explored and recorded info of journey westward, Louisiana Purchase, Sacagewea

  • Louisiana Purchase: doubled size of US, from france for $15m, Jefferson discussed constitutionality

  • Lowell Mill Girls: young (single) women working in textile factory, poor working conditions & pay, lived in the factory

  • Lydia Child's Challenge of the Cult of Domesticity: advocate for women’s intellectual equality, eoconomic independence. challenged women in domestic sphere. authored

  • Marbury v. Madison: last minute judges of John Adams, defined judicial review, chief justice john marshall

  • Market Revolution: went from individual self substantial agriculture towards inventions, innovations, & industries → help link regional markets

  • McCulloch v. Maryland: maryland tried to tax national bank. Congress had implied powers to charter national bank. states did not have power to tax bank. national gov > state gov

  • Mechanical Reaper & Steel Plow: innovations in farming that increase crop yield and allow farmer to use land couldn’t use before. helped western farmers. helped boost market rev

  • Mississippi River: market revolution, westward expansion, securing national control thru louisiana purchase, facilitate tradem sectional tensions over slavery

  • Missouri Compromise of 1820: statehood, balance of free and slave states amendment. Missouri free state & Maine slave state. line drawn at southern border marking future slave states vs free

  • Monroe Doctrine: american continents are not subjects of future colonization of european powers, european cannot interfere with western hemisphere

  • Mormon Migration; jOSEPH sMITH, FROM ny TO uTAH, BOOK OF mORMON → TRACED CONNECTION BETween american indians and israel tribes. Brigham young, settled along great salt lake → New Zion. allowed polygamy

  • More Participatory Democracy: Constitution and state laws were restrictive in voting rights, requiring property ownership, “era of common man”

  • Nat Turner Rebellion: slave uprising in Virginia (1831), slave preacher led band of armed african americans that result in deaths of white people. put down by state and federal troops. largest rebellion in nineteenth cenutry. caused fear & stricter laws in South

  • Ohio River: rapid western expansion, develeopment of market revolution & transportation revolution, sectional conflict oveer slavery

  • Regional Interdependence: norrth had factories and production relying on raw materials from south and west, west used new technologies to help urban growth, southern supplied factories , exported to international markets, and got return from north&west. north and west buds but south more distinct. market reliability. transportation & innovation. american system

  • Romanticism: idealized nature, rural life, american landscape → hudson river school of art

  • Second Great Awakening: religious revival movement preparing for Christ, women take leadership roles, prison, education, temperance, abolitionism, philosophy of good deeds,

  • Second Party System: Democrats v Whigs, expansion of white male suffrage

  • Sectional Differences: North-factories, markets, urbanization, diverse, middle class; South: Cotton kingdom, slavery, wealthy planters; West; farming & factories, connected to cities, rapid expansion. debates over tariffs

  • Semi-Subsistence Agriculture: farming system where produce is consumed by farmer and family, selling a limited amount. Yeoman farmer to cash crop farmer

  • Seneca Falls Convention (1848): feminists, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, first women’s rights convention, Declaration of Sentiments → men & women created =, Susan B Anthony

  • South Carolina Nullification of Tariffs of 1828 and 1832: calhoun tried to nullify taxes, but jackson threatened with military, asserting federal supremacy

  • Steam Engine: make water transporrt efficient → steamboats, canal projects (erie canal) connects west to coastal markets.

  • Spoils System: used by andrew jackson, corrupt bargain, rewarded supporters w goveernment jobs

  • Tariffs: tax on import, meant to protect manufacturing, Calhoun opposeed these

  • Tecumseh: shawnee leader who unified tribes against white settler encorachment, allied with british to stop american westward expansion. destroyed by William Henry Harrison in Battle of Tippecanoe.

  • Telegraph: near instant communication across great distances, along railroads, connect continents

  • Textile Machinery: inventions and innovations (spinning jenny, cotton looms, usage of river) helped lead to boom of textile in Northeast. North rely on Southern cotton

  • Trail of Tears: thousands of cherokee ppl were forced by Jackson & US Army to leave Georgia towards designated lands → resulted in thouosands of deaths due to hardships, disease, starvation, exposure, weather

  • Transcendentalism: questioned doctrines of church and looked at one’s inner self and God in nature. valued individualism, supported reforms → ralph waldo emerson, henry david thoreau

  • Treaty of Ghent: after fighting napolean, british tired of war. American and British halt fighting and come to terms. Canada as part of British empire. USA cool and natioalism. Federalist party done. American Indians have to surrender. US factories. Canada Rush-Bagot Agreement & Treaty of 1818 (fishing rights, joint occupation of oregon, boundary at 49th parllel)., occpuy florida

  • Underground Railroad: effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory in North or Canada from south. Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Turth, William Still

  • Utopia: withdraw from conventional society to create an ideal community, during antebellum years, affected by transcentadalism. Brook Farms, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints

  • War of 1812: caused by frontier pressures, free seas → technically a stalemate. gave usa nationalism. british cannot impres, american indians force to surrender land to whit,e, war heroes Andrew Jackson & william henry harrison. USA vs Great Britain, Canada, Indigenous nations. emergence of star spangled banner

  • Whigs (led by Clay): anti-Jackson democrats, 1830s-1850s, againt Mex-Am war