APUSH Chapter 7 Revolution and Republican Culture 1754-1800
American revolution shook the European monarchical order. By creating a new republic based on the rights of the individual.
Leopold von Ranke warned the king of Bavaria in 1854, now the idea emerged that power should come from below.
General George Washington left public life in 1783 to manage his plantation
-Federalists celebrated natural aristocrats such as Washington, but condemned the radical republicanism of the French Revolution.
-Jefferson and the republican party claimed the 4th of July as their holiday and “we the people” as their political language.
-Federalists split into two factions conformed by Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson rwespectively.
-Hamilton favored a strong national government with near monarchical power.
-Jefferson envisioned a glorious agrarian republic with state rights equal or more powerful than the central government.
-First president is elected by the electoral college and its George Washington and he was known as the political father of america.
Thomas Jefferson was department of state
Alexander hamilton was secretary of the treasury
Henry Knox was secretary of war
Judiciary act of 1789 (Federalist) it stablished a three0tiered system, establish separate federal and styate courts.
THE BILL OF RIGHTS James madison first submitted 19 amendements 10 of which were accepted. They safeguarded personal rights and liberties therefore eased antifederalists fears of a oppressive national governmenet.
Hamiltons Financial Program→Pursued national mercantilism
Hamilton Condemend the democratic spirti and called for an authoritarian government and a president with near-monarchical powers.
Public credit: Redemption and Assumption→the federal government would fully pay back all existing government debts ("redemption") and also take on the responsibility of paying off the debts of individual states ("assumption"), effectively consolidating the national debt under federal control,
The reason for public credit redemption and assumption was that the UUnited States needed a clear record to be compelling with internatipnal banking systems therefor loans.
Creating a National Banlk→Chartering of the Bank of the United States, Jefferson opossed the idea by strict interpretatyion of the constitution, but hamilton refuted with a loose interpetation of the constitution.
Elastic clause→ Congres has the right to make “all laws which shallbe necessary and proper”.
Raising Revenue Through Tariffs→Imposing of excise taxes included a duty on Whiskey which will traise enough money for the stae.
Report on Manufactures→ urged the expansion of american manufacturing butn did not support high protective tariffs that would exclude foreign products.
JEFFERSON AGRARIAN VISION
North followed Hamilton (Federalists) which party represented merchants and high class monopolizers
South→ Followed Jefferson and Madison(Democratic Republicans) agrarian and mostly yeomen.
Proclamation of Neutrality allowed U.S. citizens to trade with all belligerents. which resulted in american economic boom their merchant fleet expanded from 350000 to 1.1 million and their dshipbuilding industry north fully stablished.
Idological Politics→ Americans first welcomed the radical revolution in Fracneand embraced the jacobin ideology within america creating clubs and adressing eachother as citizen.
But more religious or and wealthy americans despised the revolution and condemned the new government openly as ilegitimate and commited atrocities to quantious aristocrats and even Louis XVI.
The fears of the high and religious class were realized when in 1794 the Whiskey Rebellion ocurred in Western Pennsylvania to protest excise tax on Whiskey.
The whiskey rebellion chanted frnehc slogans such as liberty equality fraternity.
JAY’S TREATY→ ignored the american claim that “free shipsmake free goods”. The us needed to make “full and complete compensation” to british merchants for pre-revolutionary war debts owed by americans. (THIS DEPICTED A PRO-BRITISH FOREIGN POLICY BY THE FEDERALISTS)
THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION→ Driven by a majority of black people in head of Toussaint L’Ouverture Saint-Domingue became the first black republicnin the Atlanti world.
Consequences were massive inmigration of black, white and color inmigrants to the south and supported the fears of southern slave holders of their system being eventually disrupted by the blacks.
THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES-0> the appearance of the federalist and republican partries marked he innitiation of the First Party System.
The french and british commenced impresment demanded a loan and a bribe from the United States to stop the seizures america refused to pay Tayllerand ignored the pleas, tayllernads agents where named X y z AND NAMED THE INCIDENT THE XYZ AFFAIR. Promptly they allowed privateering and inmmediately cut off trade with France.
THE NATURALIZATION, ALIEN, AND SEDITION ACTS OF 1798→limited individual rights, lengthen the residency term for american citizenship and permitted the deportatiojn of foreigners, and reduced the freedom of press.
This sparke a constitutional crisis which finished in Kentucky and Virginia states vetoing the legislature because it was deemed unconstitutional,
THE REVOLUTION OF 1800→ the campaign of 1800 finished in the appointment of Thomas Jefferson as president.
A REPUBLICAN EMPIRE IS BORN->
Knox proposed the dicision of tribal lands among individual indian families who wh=ou8ld become citizens of the various states.
NBoth assimilation policies were not effective as indians resisted the change with all methods at dispotition.
SHAM TREATIES AND INDIAN LANDS
Us expunged pro-british Iroquois peoples to cede huge tracks of new york and pennsylvania in the treaty of Fort Stanwix.
Reservations start appearing.
Similar treaties with natives are Fort Mcintosh and Fort Finney.
Western confederacy led by Miami chief Little Turtle formed in response to american expansionism and in defiance of agreement Fort Harmar.
THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE→Mad anthony led an expedition against the western confederacy and fought in the battle of Fallen Timbers.
The Treaty of Greenville acknowledge indian ownerzhip of the land and in return the indians ceded most of the ohio.
quote→”Make the indian a farmer, a citizen of the United States and a Christian”.
Chief red jackettrditionalists rejected european culture an labeled it as evil.
Southern Migrantsp→ Fleeing from a planter-controlled society only to be stuck in the same position again(huge social gaps)
Northern inmigrants→ Moved form overcrowded cities in search of land, they signied dcontracts with the Holland Land Company which was a form of indentured servants.
Both southern and northern inmigrants wanted self sufficiency or being a yeoman
INNOVATION ON EASTERN FARMS
New england switched to potatoes
replacement of metal-tipped wooden plows with cast-iron models
THE JEFFERSON PRESIDENCY→ commence of the Virginia Dinasty
Virginia Dynasty was the name given to the terms of Jeffersion, JAMES MADISON AND JAMES MONROE aas the three were originally from virginia.
Barbary states of north africa engaged in pirate like estratagems that affected american trade in the atlantic ocenan.
Barbary treties ended the pirate relation with america.
Judiciary act of 1801 created sixteen new judgeships which were filled by adams with midnight apointees.
MARBURY V MADISON → established the principle of judicial review.
Alien and sedition acts expired in 1801, they amended the naturalization act, abolished the excise taxes including the one on whiskey.
He tolerated the importance of the bNAK OF the United States.
Gallatin reduced the debt fgrom 83 million to 45 million.
Pickney’s Treaty→ opened american trade and allowed settlers to export crops vis spanish-held port of New Orleans.
Homesteadact gave free lands to settlers.
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE→Robert Livingston negotiated the purchase of the Port of New Orleans but culminated in the entiery region being promised for 15 million dollars.
The Louisiana purchase forced jefferson to reconsider his view on strict interpretation of the constitution.
Secessionist Schemes→
NEW ENgland seccession was lead by Aaron bURR, Alexander Hamilton acussed burr of panning to destroy the union and fought in an illegal pistol duel which left Hamilton dead.
Louisiana Seccesion→ also lead by Aaron burr , but was betrayed by General James Wilkinson which was a spanish spy.
Lewis and Clark Meet the Mandans and Sioux→ \
Discoverey of the sious as ferocious figthters and the natives wanted guns to outcompeted oher tribes.
THE WAR OF 1812 AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICS
British Impressments of american sailors as they searched and justified the action as they being english desserters.
The Embargo of 1807→prohibited american ships from leaving their home ports for foreign destinations until Britan and France culminated their restrictions on american trade.
Exports plundged from 108million to 22 million
The embargo act was replaced by the non-intercourse act which wasn’t less effective.]
WESTERN WAR→Uprising or revival ofn the Western Confederacy by Tecumseh aided by british government.
Battle of Tippecane→ destruction of the holy village of Prophetstown.
THE WAR OF 1812→ commenced by a group on congress called the “WAR HAWKS” as they wanted to seize territory on british canada and spanish florida.
Oficial declaration of war was justifies by stating the british impresements of american citizens.
-failed canadian invasion and retreat to detroit, americans couldnt attack canada from the new england because they were “anti-war”
1813 american raiders burned the canadian capital of York(Toronto).
Federalists oposed the war and formed the Hartford Convention
Hartford Convention→ proposed a constitutional amendement limiting the office two a single term and to be rotated among citizens from dofferent states also estates limiting embargoes to 60 days and the need for two thirds majority of congress to their actions.
1814 Washington D.C. burns→fRANCISS sCOTT PROCEDED TO DASH OFF a poem “Defense of Fort Mchenry” which latter will become the star spangled banner.
PEACE AND OVERTURES AND A FINAL VICTORY→Treaty of Guent
Treaty of Guent→ retained prewar borders and finalized impresments in british terms.
before news arrived to the U.S General Jackson’s troops crushed the british forces attacking New Orleans. which boosted american morale and entitled the us to consider itself as a great power and they thoughht they won the war.
The Federalist Legacy
The republicans split into two facitons
(Henry Clay)National Republicans→ de facto new federalists
Henry Clay pushed for a second Bank f the United States.
Henry wanted also the bonus bill which created national roads and other internal improvements but was vetoed.
First Party System was de facto shattered because the federalist party stopped being a major player in american politics.
MARSHALLS FEDERALIST LAW→
John Marshalls stayed in the supreme coart and ruled cases upholding federalists values.
ASSERTING NATIONAL SUPREMACY\
MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND→denied the right of states to tax the second bank of the united states thereby asserting federal dominance over states.
Gibbons v odgen → Struck down monopolies in favor of federal government.over interstate commerce.
Darthmotuth College v Woodward→Safeguards property right especially of chattered corporations.
Fletcher v Peck→Protects property rights through broad reading of consstitutions contract clause.
THE DIPLOMACY OF JHON QUINCY ADAMS→ negotiator of the treaty of guent
Rush Bagot treaty→ limited american and british naval forces on the great lakes
Forty ninth parallel→ between canada and the lands of the louisiana purchase.
Adms-Onís treatry 1819 →ceding of the florida by spain and incorporation to the U.S.
Adams persuaded rpesident Monroe to declar american national policy.
Monroe doctrine→ keep their hands off the newly independent republics in Latin America. In return, The us would not interfere in european conflicts.
The apparance of two decades o bitter part conflict prompted observers to dub James Monroes presidency as the “era of good feelings”.
This division within the republican party would soon produce the Second Party System.
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