Global 2 Review Notes

Scientific Revolution Leaders:

  • Galileo, Copernicus, & Isaac Newton.
  • Copernicus & Galileo: Earth is not geocentric.
  • Heliocentric Theory: Sun is at the center of the universe.

Ideas & Challenges:

  • Use Reasoning & Logic.
  • Conduct Experiments.
  • Challenged the dominant authority: The Church.
  • Argued for using scientific reasoning.

Influence on the Enlightenment:

  • Both challenged traditional authority & traditions/beliefs.
  • Shift from relying on God for answers.

Enlightenment Major Ideas:

John Locke:

  • Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, Land (property).
  • Consent of the Governed: People's permission.
  • Government and citizens sign a social contract (an agreement).
  • People can elect and overthrow leaders who don’t protect rights.
  • Limited Government.

Montesquieu:

  • 3 Branches of Government = Separation of Powers.
  • Checks on Power: Prevents tyranny/corruption, ensures no branch becomes too powerful.

Hobbes:

  • Believed in absolute monarchy because he felt people were naturally bad.
  • Best form of rule was absolutism because he felt people needed to be controlled.

Enlightenment & Natural Rights:

  • Challenged political systems/government - Absolutism.
  • Challenged Traditional Ideas - Similar to the Scientific Revolution

Enlightened Despots:

  • Rulers who changed/reformed their methods following the Age of Enlightenment:
    • Examples: (blank in original)
  • Enlightened Despots: (blank in original)
  • Gave people more rights.

French Revolution Causes:

  • Third Estate (Poor/Peasants) had to pay taxes for the 1st (Clergy) & 2nd (Nobility) Estates.
  • Third Estate had no representation.
  • Poor couldn’t afford food and had little land.
  • Citizens had few rights & were treated unfairly.
  • Absolutism: King Louis XIV (14th) centralized government; Louis XVI (16th) beheaded.
  • Debt from Palace of Versailles and helping American Revolution.

French Revolution Key Events and Effects:

  • Estates General: (blank in original)
  • Storming of the Bastille: (blank in original)
  • Tennis Court Oath: (blank in original)
  • Declaration of Rights of Man (and Woman) and Citizen: (blank in original)
  • Reign of Terror: Beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette.
    • Robespierre and the Jacobins.
    • Guillotine used.

Rule of Napoleon:

  • Restored political stability in France after overthrow.
  • Napoleonic Code: Laws for all citizens, achieved natural rights.
    • Examples (blank in original)
  • Napoleon as Emperor: Failed democratic government.
  • Taxes for All: Achieved goal of 3rd Estate splitting taxes.
  • Inspired Nationalism throughout France and the world.

Napoleon Defeated by Russia (Napoleonic Wars):

  • Reasons for defeat (blank in original).

Congress of Vienna:

  • Goal: Restore balance between countries.
  • Restore monarchies in power before Napoleonic Wars.

Latin Independence Movements:

  • Leaders:
    • Toussaint L'Ouverture: Haitian Revolutionary Leader, fought against France.
    • Miguel Hidalgo & Jose Morelos: Mexico.
    • José de San Martín: Argentina.
      • Failed/Succeeded (circle one) to unify South America due to the Andes Mountains.
  • Inspiration:
    • Enlightenment and American Revolution.
    • Limited rights.
    • Natural Rights (Locke).
    • Nationalism.

Impacts of Nationalism:

  • Unify groups of people.
    • Italy Unified by (blank in original)
    • Germany Unified by Otto von Bismarck.
      • Blood and Iron.
  • Cause conflicts.
    • Serbian Nationalists vs. Austria-Hungary - (WWI)

Agricultural Revolution Impact:

  • More food = More people born (increase life expectancy).
  • Caused the Industrial Revolution & urbanization - farmers forced to move to cities.
    • No longer needed on farms due to new farming technology like the seed drill/crop rotation.

Industrial Revolution in Great Britain:

  • Had an abundance of Natural Resources.
  • Close to water for transportation for factories.
  • Had colonies.
  • Britain had the capital.
  • Britain had an energy revolution because of an abundant amount of coal.
  • Britain had an available labor force.

Capitalist Ideas:

  • People can make a lot of money – Private Businesses - entrepreneurs.
  • LAISSEZ-FAIRE - Hands O (Little government involvement).
  • Supply is based on demand.
  • Adam Smith-Wrote the Wealth of Nations -Capitalist book - MARKET economy

Communist Ideas:

  • No social classes, everyone is equal.
  • No private property.
  • Everything belongs to everyone.
  • Proletariat (Workers) revolt (fight back) to improve society & overthrow capitalist system ($).
  • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels created Communism.
  • Wrote the Communist Manifesto -Communist book

Industrial Revolution Societal Changes:

  • Urbanization: People moving from countryside to cities.
  • Laissez-faire economics.
  • Improved transportation – trains and steamboats.
  • Rise of big business.
  • Growth of the middle class.
  • People’s roles changed.
    • Women: (blank in original)
    • Working class: (blank in original)
    • Children: (blank in original)
    • Men: (blank in original)

Industrial Revolution Reforms:

  • Unions - Fight for workers’ rights to Increase wages, create safer conditions & end child labor.
  • Outlawed Slavery.
  • Right to vote for all citizens.
  • More schools were set up for all.
  • Rise in the Middle Class.

Irish Potato Famine:

  • Irish citizens emigrated due to the potato famine.
  • Because of the potato famine (environmental issue) - Starved to death.

Imperialism: Causes:

  • Industrial Revolution!!
  • Natural Resources to produce manufactured goods.
  • Markets to sell manufactured goods.
  • Social Darwinism (RACISM)- Survival.
  • White Man’s Burden – Save “Savages”.
  • The White Man’s Burden poem.

Imperialism: Effects:

  • European nations controlled regions in Africa and Asia because of military strength.

India

  • British Raj created after British East India Company.
  • Controlled by Communication systems & Transportation.
  • Sepoy Mutiny – goal, successful? (blank in original)

China

  • Opium Wars caused China to become Spheres of Influence for many nations.
  • Boxer/Taiping rebellion – goal, successful? (blank in original)

Africa

  • Berlin Conference – Africa divided by European nations with no regard to culture.
  • Suez Canal built as strategic location.

Japan

  • Meiji Restoration - Modernized and Industrialized - removed the Tokugawa Shogunate.
  • Became imperialistic - controlled Asian countries like Korea & Manchuria.
  • Satisfied imperialist goals - NEEDED NATURAL RESOURCES.

World War I: Causes (M.A.N.I.A.)

  • M – Militarism.
  • A – Alliances.
  • N – Nationalism.
  • I – Imperialism.
  • A – Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Details

  • Treaty of Versailles forces France and England to defend their allies of Russia and Serbia.
  • Archduke Ferdinand assassinated in Balkans aka “the Powder Keg”.
  • Germans joined Austria Hungary in declaring war against Russia, Serbia, and France.

World War I: New Warfare

  • Chemical warfare.
  • Machine Guns led to Trench warfare.
  • Tanks.

World War I: End (B.R.A.T.)

  • Germany harshly punished by Treaty of Versailles.
  • Germany accepts Blame.
  • Germany pays Reparations.
  • Germany reduces Army size.
  • Germany loses Territory.
  • Result: Weimar Republic (govt) and rise of Hitler (person) and leads to WWII (second conflict).

Russian/Bolshevik Revolution: Causes

  • Leader: Vladimir Lenin.
  • Bloody Sunday.
  • Bolsheviks promising land to the poor.
  • Vladimir Lenin promising “Peace, Land, and Bread”.
  • Losing Russo-Japanese War.
  • Economic di erences between social classes.
  • Failures of WWI (major conflict)

Russian Revolution: Effects

  • Lenin’s Communist Russia - first Communist.
  • Command Economy - Businesses TOLD what to do.
  • Government Controls Businesses.
  • N.E.P. - Allowed some elements of capitalism

Stalin’s Soviet Union

  • Totalitarian Regime.
  • Killed political opponents.
  • Censorship.
  • Secret Police - TERROR.
  • 5 Year Plan – focus on Agricultural and industry.
  • Collectivization – led to widespread food shortage and forced famine in Ukraine.

Totalitarianism: Causes

  • Depression (Economic Problem) and Instability (Social problem).

Totalitarianism: Definition

  • Citizens gave up rights for security.
  • Leaders have total control.
  • State/country was more important than individual.
  • Censorship, arrests, secret police force.
  • Denied basic rights.

Examples

  • Hitler in Germany.
  • Mussolini in Italy.
  • Stalin in Russia.

World War II: Causes

  • Policy of Appeasement.
  • Hitler broke promise and invaded all of Czechoslovakia.
  • Europeans promised to fight Hitler if he invaded Poland.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

  • Hitler and Stalin signed.
  • Agreed to free hand in Poland.
  • Hitler wanted to avoid two front war.

Russians Defeat Hitler

  • Russia’s size.
  • Russia’s cold climate.
  • Same result as Napoleon invading Russia.

Holocaust

  • Genocide of European Jews.
  • 4 Step Process of Holocaust (Pyramid of Hate):
    • Blaming Jews for German struggles after WWI.
    • Isolating Jews: Ghettos & Concentration Camps.
    • Nuremberg Laws- Discrimination.
    • Violence - Kristallnacht

Wannsee Conference

  • Final Solution -Nazi plan for the extermination of the Jews during World War II.

World War II: Effects

  • European domination decreased.
  • Nationalism in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East led to independence.
  • Nuremberg Trials – German o cials punished for war crimes.
  • Cold War (tension between allied super powers).
    • USA.
    • USSR.

Cold War Policies

  • Two competing ideologies: Capitalism & Communism.
  • NATO & Warsaw Pact.
  • US Programs: Marshall Plan & Truman Doctrine.
  • Policy of Containment.
  • Iron Curtain:

How the Cold War Was Fought

  • Arms Race, Space Race.
  • Berlin Wall.
  • Korean War.
    • Outcome: Korea divided at 38th parallel
  • Vietnam War.
    • Outcome: South Communist Vietnam wins led by Ho Chi Minh.
  • Cuban Missile Crisis.
  • Bay of Pigs Invasion.

Communism: Collapse

  • High costs of the Cold War.
  • Russian failures in Afghanistan.
  • Gorbachev - Two policies to reform USSR
    • Glasnost = Openness
    • Perestroika = Restructuring
  • Berlin Wall falls = END OF COLD WAR!!

Indian Independence: Causes

  • British controlled Indian business & mistreated Indians.
  • British profited while Indians suffered poverty and loss of culture.
  • Desire to remove foreign rule.

Indian Independence: Movements and E ects

  • Political Changes: INC & Muslim League – nationalist organizations wanting independence.
  • Gandhi:
    1. Civil Disobedience
    2. Satyagraha (Non-violence and breaking unfair laws peacefully)
  • Salt March & homespun movement.
    • Gandhi boycotted British goods.
  • India and Pakistan divided (Partitioned).
    • India for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims.
    • Muslims feared Hindu domination.
    • Indians murdered moving to new areas.
  • Border disputes: India vs. Pakistan conflict over Kashmir (territory).
  • Nuclear weapons remain an issue.

African Independence: Causes

  • European nations weakened after WWII – decline of empires.
  • Human rights violations – limited rights as colonies.
  • Desire to remove foreign rule.

African Independence: Leaders & Groups

  • Strong leaders such as Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya and Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana.
  • Nationalist movements.
  • Mau Mau in Kenya – rebelled.

African Independence: E ffects

  • Clashes with ethnic tribes.
  • Islamic fundamentalism vs. western ideas.
  • Ethnic/tribal differences.

Apartheid in South Africa

  • Apartheid: Racial Segregation of all South Africans.
  • White minority held all political power.

Examples

  • Passes were needed to travel from black to white areas.
  • The Race Classification Act.
  • The Mixed Marriages Act - No marriages between whites and other races.
  • Segregation and Forced Migration.

Mandela Fighting Apartheid

  • ANC group– wanted to rule as majority political party.
  • Nelson Mandela first practiced peaceful protests but later began violent protests.
  • Mandela was imprisoned for fighting against Apartheid.
  • Nations worldwide boycotted goods from South Africa.
  • Mandela was elected President and Apartheid laws were removed

Chinese Communist Revolution: Causes

  • They wanted to eliminate poverty.
  • Peasants supported Communism.
  • Mao Zedong led the Communist Chinese Revolutionaries.
  • Long March - Mao flees nationalist army

Mao Zedong’s China

  • Great Leap Forward: Communism. communes - collectivization.
  • No religion.
  • Cultural Revolution.

Four Olds

  1. Ideas
  2. Culture
  3. Customs
  4. Habits
  • Mao dies → Deng Xiaoping comes to power

Deng Xiaoping’s Communist China

  • Four Modernizations.
  • Tiananmen Square Massacre.
  • Not a democratic government

Positive Reforms

  • Increased industrial, agricultural, defense, and science/tech productivity.

Negative Reforms

  • Government oppression (brutal control) of citizens continued.

  • Introduced Capitalism to China.

Middle East Changes Following WWII

  • Zionism – Belief in a Jewish Homeland.
  • Israel created.
  • Israeli Jews vs. Palestinian Muslims.
  • Palestinians want to establish a homeland.
  • Arab nationalism vs. Jewish nationalism.
  • Camp David Accords – Peace
  • Saddam Hussein - Iraqi Dictator – Persian Gulf War vs. United States.
  • Oil is an important resource in the Middle East.
  • OPEC created to regulate oil prices

Modernization of Turkey Under Ataturk

  • Kemal Ataturk westernized Turkey.

Iranian Revolution: Causes

  • Failure of the Shah to meet needs of the people.
  • Shah supported Western values.
  • Ayatollah Khomeini supported Islamic fundamentalism.
  • Khomeini and traditionalists rejected Western beliefs.

Iranian Revolution: Effects

  • Iran - Islamic Republic.
  • Iran returned to Islamic customs/beliefs.
  • Sharia Law – limited rights for women.
  • Islamic fundamentalism