Computer Science Terminology

Central Processing Unit (CPU)
  • Definition: The part of a computer that performs the majority of the processing and calculation tasks.
Components of CPU
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
  • Control Unit (CU): Coordinates and controls other components of the CPU.
  • Registers: Small memory areas within the CPU that store and manipulate data quickly.
Memory Types
  • Primary Memory: Main memory for storing data and program instructions currently in use.
    • Random Access Memory (RAM): Volatile primary memory, readable and writable by the CPU.
    • Read-Only Memory (ROM): Non-volatile memory with permanent instructions that cannot be altered.
    • Cache Memory: Small, high-speed memory storing frequently accessed data for quicker access by the CPU.
  • Secondary Memory: Long-term storage for data and programs not currently in use.
Software Types
  • Operating System: Manages computer resources and activities; provides user interface.
  • Application Software: Designed for specific tasks (e.g., word processing, spreadsheets).
Data Representation
  • Binary Representation: Method using two digits (0 and 1) to represent data.
  • Bit: Single unit of binary data (0 or 1).
  • Byte: Group of 8 bits, larger unit of data representation.
  • Boolean Operators: Used to manipulate binary data (AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR).
  • Truth Tables: Represent outputs of Boolean expressions for all input combinations.
  • Logic Gates: Electronic components implementing Boolean expressions.
Numbering Systems
  • Denary/Decimal: Base-10 numbering system for representing decimal numbers.
  • Hexadecimal: Base-16 numbering for efficient binary data representation.
User Interface
  • Graphical User Interface (GUI): Allows interaction using graphical elements (icons, windows, menus).
Logic and Problem Solving
  • Logic Diagrams: Use logic gates and Boolean expressions to represent/solve problems.
  • Logical Operators:
    • AND: True if both inputs are true.
    • OR: True if at least one input is true.
    • NOT: Negates input, true if input is false.
    • NAND: False if both inputs are true.
    • NOR: True if both inputs are false.
    • XOR: True if exactly one input is true.
  • Thinking Logically: Problem-solving method that breaks down problems and uses reasoning.
  • Computational Thinking & Program Design: Utilize computational thinking for effective and efficient program design.
Memory Characteristics
  • Volatile Memory: Loses contents when power is off.
  • Non-volatile Memory: Retains contents without power.
Communication Pathways
  • Data Bus: Pathway for data transfer between CPU and other components.
  • Address Bus: Pathway carrying memory addresses between CPU and other components.
Data Types
  • String: Sequence of characters in a computer program.
  • Integer: Whole numbers representing numerical values.
  • Characters: Letters, digits, symbols used in programs.
  • Unicode: Encoding standard for representing text in various writing systems.
Design Considerations
  • Ergonomics: Design study for creating comfortable and efficient equipment.
  • Accessibility: Measure of usability for individuals with disabilities or special needs.