CHAPTER 4 PP (copy)

Combining Forms

• Definition: Root words used in combination with prefixes/suffixes to create medical terminology.

• Key combining forms include:

  • carp/o: wrist bones

  • cib/o: meals

  • cis/o: to cut

  • cost/o: rib

  • cutane/o: skin

  • dactyl/o: fingers, toes

  • duct/o: to lead, carry

  • flex/o: to bend

  • furc/o: forking, branching

  • gloss/o: tongue

  • glyc/o: sugar

  • immun/o: protection

  • morph/o: shape, form

  • mort/o: death

  • nat/i: birth

  • nect/o: to bind, tie, connect

  • norm/o: rule, order

  • ox/o: oxygen

  • pub/o: pubis; anterior portion of pelvic or hipbone

  • seps/o: infection

  • somn/o: sleep

  • son/o: sound

  • the/o: to put, place

  • thel/o, theli/o: nipple

  • thyr/o: thyroid gland; shield

  • top/o: place, position, location

  • tox/o: poison

  • trache/o: windpipe, trachea

  • urethr/o: urethra

Suffixes

• Definition: Word endings that convey specific meanings in medical terms.

• Examples include:

  • -blast: embryonic, immature

  • -crine: to secrete

  • -drome: to run

  • -fusion: coming together; to pour

  • -gea: substance that produces

  • -lapse: to slide, fall, sag

  • -lysis: breakdown, destruction, separation

  • -meter: to measure

  • -mission: to send

  • -or: one who

  • -oxia: oxygen

  • -partum: birth, labor

  • -phoria: to bear, carry; feeling

  • -physis: to grow

  • -plasia: development, formation, growth

  • -plasm: structure or formation

  • -pnea: breathing

  • -ptosis: falling, dropping, prolapse

  • -rrhea: flow, discharge

  • -stasis: stopping, controlling

  • -trophy: development, nourishment

Prefixes and Their Meanings

• a-, an-: no, not, without

• ab-: away from

• ad-: toward

• ana-: up, apart

• ante-: before, forward

• anti-: against

• auto-: self, own

• bi-: two

• brady-: slow

• cata-: down

• con-: with, together

• contra-: against, opposite

• de-: down, lack of

• dia-: through, complete

• dys-: bad, painful, difficult, abnormal

• ec-, ecto-: out, outside

• endo-: in, within

• epi-: upon, on, above

• eu-: good, normal

• ex-: out, outside, away from

• hemi-: half

• hyper-: excessive, above

• hypo-: deficient, under

• in-: not

• infra-: beneath, under

• inter-: between

• intra-: in, within, into

• macro-: large

• mal-: bad

• meta-: beyond, change

• micro-: small

• neo-: new

• pan-: all

• para-: abnormal, beside, near

• per-: through

• peri-: surrounding

• poly-: many, much

• post-: after, behind

• pre-: before, in front of

• pro-: before, forward

• pros-: before, forward

• re-: back, again

• retro-: behind, backward

• sub-: under

• supra-: above, upper

• syn-, sym-: together, with

• tachy-: fast

• trans-: across, through

• ultra-: beyond, excess

• uni-: one

Quick Quiz

1. Adductor Muscle: Refers to a muscle that draws a limb towards the body.

   • Correct Term: C: Adductor

2. Painful Breathing: The term that means painful breathing.

   • Correct Term: A: Dyspnea

A Closer Look: Antigens and Antibodies; the Rh Condition

• Antigen: A substance (often foreign) that stimulates antibody production.

  • Examples: poison, flu virus, bacterium

• Antibodies: Proteins produced by white blood cells in response to antigens.

• Immune Reaction: Interaction between antigen and antibody.

Rh Condition

• Occurs when there is an Rh factor difference between mother (Rh negative) and fetus (Rh positive).

• First Pregnancy: Rh+ baby usually fine but mother becomes sensitized.

• Second Pregnancy: Risks hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) due to maternal antibodies attacking fetus's red blood cells.

• Preventative Measure: Rh immune globulin injection within 72 hours of delivery/miscarriage.

Congenital Anomalies

• Definition: Irregular structures or organs present at birth.

  • Examples: syndactyly (webbed fingers/toes), heart defects, clubbed feet.

• Origin: Can be hereditary or caused by external factors during pregnancy (e.g., alcohol consumption).

Recombinant DNA

• Definition: Technique of inserting a gene from one organism into another's DNA.

  • Used in drug manufacturing (e.g., insulin).

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Method for producing multiple gene copies.

Syndrome

• Definition: Collection of signs/symptoms indicating a specific disease/condition.

  • Example: Reye syndrome, which follows a viral infection treated with aspirin and includes vomiting and liver dysfunction.

Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Gland (TURP)

• Definition: Procedure for removing part of the prostate gland through the urethra.

• Indication: Enlarged prostatic tissue that obstructs urination.

Ultrasonography

• Definition: Diagnostic technique using ultrasound waves to create images of organs/tissues.

  • Examples include echocardiograms and sonograms.