Psychoanalysis

Opened hypnosis lab in Paris
Meccas of Neurology
Relieved hysteria through hypnosis
Famous and influential to the point where he attracted many students
- Included Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud

Forerunner of psychoanalysis
Distinguished between the conscious and subconscious mind
- Conscious Mind
  - Part of our mind we’re aware of
- Subconscious Mind
  - Part of the mind we’re unaware of
Fixed Ideas
- Subconscious memory of a traumatic event
- Creates emotional disturbances within person
- Causes hysteria
Psychological Analysis
- Using hypnosis to identify and eliminate fixed ideas
How is it down?
- Automatic Speech
  - Patient talks about anything that comes to mind
- Dream analysis
  - Reveal insights into the subconscious mind

Charcot’s Influence…
- Patients felt better after they talked
- Causes of mental disorders → Repressed sexual urges
Repression
- Undesirable thoughts, memories, or urges pushed to the unconscious mind

Different techniques revealed a person’s unconscious, or repressed, memories
- Alleviates symptoms
Unconscious mind
- Hidden part of the mind
Techniques…
- Free association
  - Patient discusses conscious thoughts
    - Therapist sits out of view and asks questions
  - Disconnect in speech?
- Analysis of…
  - Resistance
    - Unconscious blocking revelation of repressed memory
    - Patient becomes uncomfortable with repressed memory
    - Therapist interprets unconscious memory when patient isn’t ready
      - Patient → Defensive
  - Transference
    - Patient projects intense feelings from their past on therapist
      - Seen as significant person
    - Patient brought gun to therapy session
      - Therapist → “This is what I meant about murderous feelings towards your father”
    - Patients understand irrational demands of others
  - Dreams
    - Repressed memories surface during dreams
    - 2 parts of dreams
      - Manifest Content → Storyline of dreams
      - Latent Content → Unconscious thoughts concealed in manifest content
        What objects symbolize
      - Dream of swords or boxes
        Manifest → Swords, boxes
        Latent → Sexual genitalia

Id
- Operates on pleasure seeking principle
- Seeks immediate gratification
- Present at birth
Superego
- Focuses on how one should behave
- Strives for perfection
- Develops around age 5
Ego
- Gratifies id’s impulses in realistic ways
- Operates on reality principle
  - Ability to postpone gratification until appropriate time
- Regulates id and superego
- Emerges with experience

Childhood stages of development in which id seeks pleasure from different areas of body
Oral Stage
- Id seeks gratification from biting and chewing
  - Centered around mouth
Anal Stage
- Id seeks gratification from urinating and defecating
  - Centered around bladder and bowels
- Child attempts to gain control
Phallic Stage
- Id seeks gratification from genitals
- Oedipus Complex
  - Child copes with incestuous feelings toward opposite sex parent
Latency Stage
- Decreased sexual feelings
Genital Stage
- Maturation of sexual feelings

Method to deal with anxiety
- Work on unconscious level
  - People → Unaware using defense mechanism
Examples include..
- Displacement
  - Emotional impulses redirected to less-threatening person
    - Child angry at parents redirects anger towards sibling
- Sublimation
  - Sexual urges redirected to productive, nonsexual activities
    - Executive works long hours while partner is away

Ego Psychology
- Differences between psychoanalyzing children and adults
- Children don’t recall early trauma
Dream analysis reveals child’s repressed memories
Additional Defense Mechanisms
- Altruistic Surrender
  - Person abandons own motivations → lives through others
- Identification with aggressor
  - Person fears another person
  - Adopts values and traits of feared person
- Stockholm Syndrome
  - Hostages develop affection for captor
  - 1973; Woman remained faithful to hostage taker

Conflict over libido
Self-Actualization
Levels of Mind
Archetypes
Doubted Freud’s emphasis on sex
Freud’s libido…
- Sexual energy
- Driving force of personality
Jung’s libido…
- Creative life force
- Applied to individual’s psychological growth
Goal of life is to reach self-actualization
- Successfully combine all parts of personality
- Develop highest potential
Jung believed that healthy adults are both introverted and extroverted
3 Levels of the Mind
- Personal Conscious
  - Part of the mind we’re aware of
  - Consists of Ego and Persona
    - Ego is how we view ourselves
    - Persona is how we present ourselves, with some things public and private
- Personal Unconscious
  - Constants one person’s repressed memories
- Collective unconscious
  - Collects common experiences every person had throughout history
Archetype
- Collection of personality traits within collective unconscious

Freud
- Sexual urges and repression
- Sexist
- Sat behind patient on couch
- Personality composed of conflicting drives
Adler
- Downplayed sexual urges and repression
- Gender equality
- Sat face-to-face wit hpatient
- People explained within social environments
Feelings of Inferiority
- At birth, everyone is dependent on others to survive
- Motivated to gain power to overcome these feelings
- Could be positive or Negative
  - Positively, strive for perfection
  - Negatively, overwhelmed by feelings, barely accomplished, and disabling

Object Relations Theory
- Social relationships in infancy affect how relationships formed in adulthood
2 Students
- Karen Horney
- Melanie Klein

Challenged Freud’s sexism
Approached psychotherapy with an inspiration from humanistic psychologists
Ideal Self
- How you should be
Real Self
- How you actually are
Goal of therapy is to stop feeling anxious for not attaining ideal self an accept your real self