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Ionic Bonds

• Definition: Ionic bonds are formed through the transfer of electrons between metal and non-metal atoms, resulting in charged ions.

Key Elements of Ionic Bonds

• Chemical Formula: Represents the elements involved in the bond and their ratios.
• Dot Diagrams: Visual representations of the valence electrons in atoms before and after bonding.
• Resulting Ions: Ions are formed after the transfer of electrons, carrying either a positive or negative charge.

Complete Ionic Bond Examples

1. Rb₂O (Rubidium Oxide)

• Chemical Formula: Rb₂O
• Dot Diagrams:
  • Metal Atom (Rb):
  • Rb has 1 valence electron.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • Rb: • (where • represents the valence electron)
  • Non-Metal Atom (O):
  • O has 6 valence electrons.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • O: •• •• ••
• Diagram Showing Transfer of Electrons:
  • Rubidium (Rb) transfers its electron to Oxygen (O):
  • Rb: • (becomes Rb⁺)
  • O: •• •• •• + • (becomes O²⁻)
• Resulting Ions in Brackets:
  • Ionic Compound: Rb⁺[O²⁻] or [Rb]₂[O]

2. MgS (Magnesium Sulfide)

• Chemical Formula: MgS
• Dot Diagrams:
  • Metal Atom (Mg):
  • Mg has 2 valence electrons.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • Mg: ••
  • Non-Metal Atom (S):
  • S has 6 valence electrons.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • S: •• •• ••
• Diagram Showing Transfer of Electrons:
  • Magnesium (Mg) transfers its two electrons to Sulfur (S):
  • Mg: •• (becomes Mg²⁺)
  • S: •• •• •• + •• (becomes S²⁻)
• Resulting Ions in Brackets:
  • Ionic Compound: [Mg²⁺][S²⁻]

3. SrF₂ (Strontium Fluoride)

• Chemical Formula: SrF₂
• Dot Diagrams:
  • Metal Atom (Sr):
  • Sr has 2 valence electrons.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • Sr: ••
  • Non-Metal Atom (F):
  • F has 7 valence electrons.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • F: •• •• •• •• •• •• ••
• Diagram Showing Transfer of Electrons:
  • Strontium (Sr) transfers its two electrons to two Fluorine (F) atoms:
  • Sr: •• (becomes Sr²⁺)
  • F: •• •• •• •• •• •• •• + • (becomes F⁻)
  • Each F gains one electron.
• Resulting Ions in Brackets:
  • Ionic Compound: [Sr²⁺][F⁻][F⁻]

4. AlBr₃ (Aluminum Bromide)

• Chemical Formula: AlBr₃
• Dot Diagrams:
  • Metal Atom (Al):
  • Al has 3 valence electrons.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • Al: •• •• ••
  • Non-Metal Atom (Br):
  • Br has 7 valence electrons.
  • Dot Diagram:
    • Br: •• •• •• •• •• •• ••
• Diagram Showing Transfer of Electrons:
  • Aluminum (Al) transfers one electron to three Bromine (Br) atoms:
  • Al: •• •• •• (becomes Al³⁺)
  • F: •• •• •• •• •• •• •• + • (three Br bonds)
• Resulting Ions in Brackets:
  • Ionic Compound: [Al³⁺][Br⁻][Br⁻][Br⁻]

Structural Representation

• Task: Draw 2 different structures for the compound C₃H₄.
• Note: Different structural isomers can be created to represent the same molecular formula, which have different connectivity and properties.
  • Possible structures:
  1. Propene: A straight-chain alkene with a double bond between two carbon atoms.
  2. Cyclopropane: A triangular structure where all carbons are connected in a cycle.