Acids, Bases & Salts + Periodic Table & Metals

What ion do acids produce?
H⁺ ions

What ion do alkalis produce?
OH⁻ ions

Define a base.
A substance that reacts with acids to form salt and water

Define an alkali.
A soluble base that produces OH⁻ ions in water

Define a salt.
A compound formed when H⁺ in an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion

What is neutralisation?
Acid + base → salt + water

Acid + metal → ?
Salt + hydrogen

Test for hydrogen gas?
Pops with a lit splint

Acid + base → ?
Salt + water

Acid + carbonate → ?
Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Test for carbon dioxide gas?
Turns limewater milky

How do you make an insoluble salt?
Mix two soluble solutions, filter, wash, dry the precipitate

Which salts are always soluble?
All nitrates

Which chlorides are insoluble?
Silver chloride and lead(II) chloride

Which sulfates are insoluble?
Barium sulfate and lead(II) sulfate

Most carbonates are…?
Insoluble (except sodium, potassium, ammonium)

Most hydroxides are…?
Insoluble (except sodium, potassium, ammonium)

What happens to reactivity down Group 1?
It increases

What happens to melting point down Group 1?
It decreases

Group 1 metals + water → ?
Metal hydroxide + hydrogen

What happens to reactivity down Group 7?
It decreases

What is a halogen displacement reaction?
A more reactive halogen displaces a less reactive halogen from a compound

Why are noble gases unreactive?
They have a full outer electron shell

Why does atomic size decrease across a period?
Increasing nuclear charge pulls electrons closer

Metals form what type of ions?
Positive ions (cations)

Non-metals form what type of ions?
Negative ions (anions)

Describe metallic bonding.
Positive metal ions in a sea of delocalised electrons

Why are metals good conductors?
Delocalised electrons move freely

Which metals are extracted by electrolysis?
Metals more reactive than carbon (e.g. aluminium)

Which metals are extracted by reduction with carbon?
Metals less reactive than carbon (e.g. iron)

What are native metals?
Unreactive metals found uncombined (e.g. gold)

Name the products when sodium reacts with water.
Sodium hydroxide and hydrogen

Why does potassium react more strongly than lithium?
Outer electron is further from nucleus and more easily lost