Population Key Terms:

Flashcard 1:
Q: What are anti-natalist policies?
A: Policies aimed at reducing birth rates to slow population growth.

Flashcard 2:
Q: What are pro-natalist policies?
A: Policies aimed at increasing birth rates and fertility.

Flashcard 3:
Q: What is natural increase?
A: When births and immigration outweigh deaths and emigration.

Flashcard 4:
Q: What is natural decrease?
A: When deaths and emigration outweigh births and immigration.

Flashcard 5:
Q: What is natural change?
A: The difference between the number of births and deaths in a year for a region or country.

Flashcard 6:
Q: What are crude birth and death rates?
A: The number of live births or deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Flashcard 7:
Q: What is the infant mortality rate?
A: The number of deaths in children under 1 year per year.

Flashcard 8:
Q: What is the fertility rate?
A: The number of births per 1,000 women (aged 15-45) per year, divided by 100.

Flashcard 9:
Q: What is the mortality rate?
A: The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year, often categorized by age.

Flashcard 10:
Q: What is the total fertility rate?
A: The average number of children born to a woman in a particular population.

Flashcard 11:
Q: What is demography?
A: The statistical study of populations and their variables.

Flashcard 12:
Q: What is replacement level fertility (RLF)?
A: A fertility rate of 2.1, where births replace the number of deaths.

Flashcard 13:
Q: What is the carrying capacity?
A: The balance between population size and available resources.

Flashcard 14:
Q: What is the optimum population?
A: The number of people that can be sustained at the highest standard of living.

Flashcard 15:
Q: What is overpopulation?
A: When a region's resources cannot sustain the current population.

Flashcard 16:
Q: What is underpopulation?
A: When an increase in population would improve living standards and resource use.

Flashcard 17:
Q: What are Neo-Malthusians?
A: Modern followers of Malthus' belief that population growth must be controlled.

Flashcard 18:
Q: What are Boserupians?
A: Followers of Esther Boserup’s belief that technology will sustain population growth.

Flashcard 19:
Q: What is the Population-Resources Equation?
A: The balance between population size and available resources.

Flashcard 20:
Q: What are preventive checks in population control?
A: Methods to reduce birth rates, such as family planning and delayed marriage.

Flashcard 21:
Q: What are positive checks in population control?
A: Events that increase death rates (e.g., famine, war, disease).

Flashcard 22:
Q: What was the Limits to Growth report (1972)?
A: A study predicting that unchecked population growth would surpass resources within 100 years.

Flashcard 23:
Q: What is the Demographic Transition Model?
A: A five-stage model showing changes in birth and death rates with economic development.

Flashcard 24:
Q: What are population pyramids?
A: Bar charts showing the age-sex structure of a population.

Flashcard 25:
Q: What is an ageing society?
A: A society where older age groups outnumber the young.

Flashcard 26:
Q: What is a youthful society?
A: A society with a high proportion of young people due to high birth rates.

Flashcard 27:
Q: What is life expectancy?
A: The average predicted lifespan of people in a region.

Flashcard 28:
Q: What is the dependency ratio?
A: The ratio of dependents (under 15 & over 65) to the working-age population.

Flashcard 29:
Q: What is the sex ratio?
A: The proportion of females to males, usually expressed as the number of females per 1,000 males.

Flashcard 30:
Q: What is the epidemiological transition?
A: The shift in population growth due to medical advances and declining fertility rates.

Flashcard 31:
Q: What is the birth rate?
A: The number of live births per 1,000 people per year (%).

Flashcard 32:
Q: What is the death rate?
A: The number of deaths per 1,000 people per year (%).

Flashcard 33:
Q: What is natural increase?
A: The population change caused by the difference between birth and death rates.

Flashcard 34:
Q: What is population change?
A: The annual population change of an area, including migration and natural change.

Flashcard 35:
Q: How is population change (%) calculated?
A: (Birth rate - Death rate) ± Migration.

Flashcard 36:
Q: What is net migration?
A: The balance between immigration (arrivals) and emigration (departures).

Flashcard 37:
Q: What is fertility rate?
A: The average number of children born to women of childbearing age.

Flashcard 38:
Q: What is infant mortality rate?
A: The number of deaths of children under 1 year per 1,000 live births per year.

Flashcard 39:
Q: What is life expectancy?
A: The average predicted lifespan of individuals in a region.

Flashcard 40:
Q: What is population density?
A: The number of people per square kilometer in a given area.

Flashcard 41:
Q: What is population distribution?
A: How people are spread out across a region, country, or continent.