AP World Midterm Study Guide

  1. Changes and Continuities in Trade Networks


Silk Road

  • Networks of exchange and the silk roads reach expanded due to crusades

  • High demand for luxury goods increased global trade

  • Paper money and forms of credit

  • Caravanserai needed due to long form travel

  • Spread diseases like the black death

  • Barter to money economy


Indian Ocean Trade

  • Center of World trade from 1200-1450

  • Luxury goods traded

  • Lots of different people and cultures mixing; allowed for technology exchange like agricultural ideas and plants and animals were spread too

  • Trade determined by wind patterns

  • Created diverse port cities

  • Created diaspora communities; groups who have relocated from their original homeland

  • Religion and Technology traveled along the sea routes; Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam

  • Relied on compasses and astrolabe to navigate

  • New ship technology from the Chinese

  • Marrying of local women at the end of trade route which led to multicultural families and communities


Transoceanic Travel

  • Technological innovations like the caravel and astrolabe made sea trade easier

  • Knowledge of currents and wind patterns made trade more efficient

  • Lateen sail

  • Increase in Global trade

  • Columbian Exchange

  • Mercantilism and Capitalism rose

  • Colonies in the Americas

  • Increase of wealth in Europe benefited the middle class and allowed for the industrial revolution

  • Increase of money circulating in Asia led to inflation

  • Labor force needed; slavery


Carrack

Used for trade during 14th to 17th century

Portugal

Caravel

Long voyages, quick and maneuverable, used during 15th to 17th Century

Spanish and Portuguese

Fluyt

Trade during 16th to 17th century

Dutch


European Presence in Trade

  • Europeans became more prominent on foreign trade routes like the Indian Ocean due to exploration

  • Competition with Muslim traders

  • Trade empires established all over the world



Continuities

Change

  • Trade led to the spread of goods, ideas, religions, and people.

    • Ex. Diaspora communities along the Indian Ocean Trade routes

    • Ex. Culture exchanged at caravanserai and trading cities along the Silk Road

    • Ex. Columbian exchange in England and Americas

  • Caused conflicts

    • Ex. Crusades due to Silk Road

    • Ex. Native American and Slave revolts due to Transoceanic trade

    • Ex. European conflicts over control of the Spice trade

  • Different forms of transportation

    • Ex. foot travel and camels on the Silk road and Trans-Sahran

    • Ex. Sea travel on Indian Ocean and Trans Atlantic

    • Ex. Steam and machine powered boats after Industrial revolution

  • Goods Traded

    • Ex. Luxury Goods over Land routes since camels and people could only carry a few things and items with higher value meant higher profits

    • Ex. More common and bulk goods held on ships since they could hold more items

  • Currencies

    • Ex. Early silk road worked on barter system where goods and services were exchanged with one another

    • Ex. Paper currency and more modern banking technology led to money economy

  • Shift towards mass produced cash crops

  • More global trade networks

  • Shift from silk road being center of trade to the atlantic being center of trade




  1. Causes and effects of Slavery


Chattel Slavery (Africans to America)

Causes

Effects

  • Need for labor in newly established colonies

  • Rise of Mercantilism and Joint stock companies

  • Diseases were killing native americans

  • Profitability of sugar

  • Cash Crops and plantations

  • African kingdoms saw profitability from the slave trade

  • Africans brought Okra and Rice with them

  • Population growth in Africa despite the kidnapping of Africans for slaves due to new food introduced by Europeans

  • New languages and cultures due to mixing of African and European cultures. Ex. Creole and African Music

  • Death of many Africans on the journey to America or in America due to poor health conditions and hazardous working situations

  • Huge migration of Africans which wreaked havoc on African societies

  • Demographic inequalities since men were more commonly enslaved

  • Extremely profitable for Europeans influencing capitalism and industrialization


Indentured Servitude


Causes

Effects

  • Need for labor on Plantations

  • People wanted passage to the new world and needed to pay of debts

  • Since their contracts were limited landowners turned to Africans for a labor force

  • Migration of Europeans to America






  1. Interactions between Mughals, Hindus, and Muslims



Indian Ocean Trade Route

  • Connected many regions around the Indian Ocean leading to cultural exchange

  • Traded textiles, metals, diamonds, grains, seeds, hardwoods, and even horses and elephants

  • Very diverse areas


Identities

  • In the 15th century most Muslims would have a well established identity calling themselves a muslim and identifying as either Shi’a or Sunni

  • Most Hindus had less a national identity and would consider themselves just followers of the god Shiva or Vishnu


During the 15th century Hindu and Muslim courts were very open to hearing and learning from diverse groups and they were very welcoming. Ex. Devaraja II (r. 1432–1446) of Vijayanagara brought many muslim military experts into his service and created neighborhoods in his cities to make them feel comfortable. In Bengal a Muslim ruled area Hindu temples and muslim mosques were constructed simultaneously.


Mughal leader Akbar

  • Allied with the Hindu Rajputs by taking brides of powerful Rajputs families

  • Diverse nobility with Turks and Iranis, Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Kayasths, Bundelas

  • Officially recognized sulh-i kul or “universal toleration” which meant that non-muslim subjects must have the same rights as muslims.

  • Akbar and his successors were large supporters of the arts and education and gave lots of funding towards it

  • Din-i Ilahi, or "Divine Faith a syncretic religion created by Akabr to support unity in his empire blended Hinduism, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Christianity

  • Removed Jiyza tax

  • Ended ban on building Hindu temples

  • Made Muslims respect cows; an important symbol in Hinduism


Mughal Leader Aurangzeb

  • Replaces Akbar's religious tolerance with anti-Hindu beliefs

  • Destroyed Hindu temples and created conflicts with the Hindu Marathas

  • Believed it was his job to rid Islam of Hindu influence and that it was corrupted



Muslim Gunpowder Empires

  • Islamic with Turkic nomadic and Asian origins

  • Goal of Islamic conversion in both Ottoman and Safavid empires

  • Artistic and Literary interest


Mughals

  • Mostly non muslim

  • Taj Mahal constructed demonstrating Hindi and Islamic cultural unity and coexistence

  • Babur the founders; did not have religious intentions when founding the empire


Safavids

  • Mostly Muslim

  • Shi’i

  • Challenged Ottomans for global power; leading to conflicts

  • Pressured other religions to convert to Shi’i Islam


Ottoman

  • Started off Christian

  • From 15th century onward shift towards muslim

  • Sunni

  • Empire geared toward military expansion to spread islam

  • Jannisarries converted to Islam


Ottoman and Safavid Conflicts

  • Different kind of Islam; Shia and Sunni

  • Both Empires believed they were the superior form of Islam and wanted to reform islam to align with their own beliefs

  • One notable battle; Battle at Chaldiran; defeat for the Safavids

  • Use of Gundpowder weapons in battles


Constantinople; a hub for exchanging of knowledge and ideas


End of 15th century - Religious tolerance ends due to Aurangzeb policies and destruction of Hindu temples


By 17th century Hindu’s began to be persecuted by Muslims