Chapter 6 notes
What is metaplasia?
The transformation of one tissue converted into another
Know two examples of metaplasia and what happens in each.
Bronchial metaplasia in smokers
Metaplasia in vagina of young girl
Know the cardinal signs of inflammatory response to the tissue injuries including what happens during each response.
Heat- due to vasodilation in response to chemicals like histamine
Redness-caused by increased blood flow due to vasodilation
Swelling- response to histamine, making endothelium of blood vessels leaky
Pain- activation of pain neurons by prostaglandin release
Classify epithelial tissue types based on cell shape and number of cell layers.
Simple- 1 layer of tissue
Stratified- 2 or more layers of tissue
Pseudostratified- 1 layer of tissue, although looks like multiple layers
Differences between endocrine and exocrine glands in terms of structure, secretion, and examples of each.
Endocrine- no ducts, secretes hormones directly into blood
Ex: thyroid gland, adrenal gland, pituitary gland, pancreas
Exocrine - has ducts, secretes products through ducts
Ex: sweat gland, tear gland, salivary gland, pancreas
Identify the four types of cell junctions from the figure (Chapter 5 document. Learn to associate the characteristic/importance of each through the diagram.
Know the following for the cell junctions.
Tight junction:
Characteristic
Similiar to a zipper, fuse plasma membrane of epithelial cells at apical surface
Importance
Seals off intercellular space, prevents leaks
Factors affecting the integrity of tight junction.
Lack of calcium, pathogenic organism, fibrosis, diet (sugar)
Dysbiosis: definition and causes- imbalance of microbiome in gut, leads to leaky gut. Allows harmful toxins and anti agents to enter our bloodstream
Desmosome:
Characteristic
Patch that holds cells together but does NOT fuse membrane of adjacent cell. Cannot prevent substances from passing through
Importance
Keeps cell from pulling apart, allows cell to stretch. Helps tissue resist mechanical stress
Gap junction:
Characteristic
Formed by ring-like connexons which are composed of conexon protein
Importance:
Allows nutrients, ions, and other small solutes to pass through cell. Cardiac and smooth muscle contract in unison because gap junction allows it
Hemidesmosome: (half demosome)
Characteristic
Similar in structure to desmosomes but DONT link adjacent cell. Located at basal cell which are linked to basement membrane
Importance:
Prevents epithelium from peeling away
Know two categories of body membranes. Know examples of epithelial and connective tissue membrane.
Epithelial membrane and connective tissue membrane
Mucous membrane:
Location:Respitory and Digestive
What does it secrete?Mucus
Which cells secrete mucus?Goblet cells
Importance of mucus:Prevents membrane from drying out, traps dust particles, acts as barrier
Serous membrane:
Location:Body cavities and organs with cavities
What is mesothelium?Simple Squamous epithelium that forms surface layer of membrane
What does it secrete? Serous fluid
Importance of serous fluid:allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against walls of the cavity
Synovial membrane:
Location:Lines cavities around freely movable joints
What does it secrete?Synovial fluid
Importance of synovial fluid: Lubricates joints for easy movement
Chapter 6: Integumentary system
Know the layers of the skin.
Two main layers making up the skin:
Epidermis and dermis
What does epidermis consist of?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelial tissue
What does dermis contain?
Connective tissue with fibers
Characteristics of hypodermis:
Connective tissue layer which epiderms and dermis rest on binds epidermis and dermis to underlying muscles
Differences between the thick and thin skin.
Thick skin- Found: in palms of hands and soles of feet
Has sweat glands, does not have hair follicles or sebaceous glands
Know ABCD of detecting early signs of malignant melanoma.
A- asymmetry
B- border irregularity
C- color
D-diameter
Know five cell layers of the epidermis in the sequential order. (From superficial to deep)
1- Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum *remember- come lets get some beer
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Stratum basale
Know characteristics of each cell layer in the epidermis: (Follow chapter 6 document)
Which one rests on the basement membrane?
Stratum basale
Distinct types of cells present in the stratum basale with functions.
Keratinocytes-go through cell division to make more keratinocytes
Melanocytes-synthesize pigment melanin
Merkel cells- light touch projector
The thickest stratum:
Spinosum
Cells in this stratum contains desmosomes:
Spinosum
Distinct types of cells present in the stratum spinosum with functions.
Dendritic cells- immune cells that fight infection
Daughter Keratinocytes(living)-connect to desmosomes
Stratum containing keratohyalin granules:
Granulosum
Stratum found only in the thick skin:
Lucidum
Stratum with dead keratinized cells having no nucleus:
Corneum
Stratum where the mitotic divisions occur:
Granulosum
Stratum releasing lamellar bodies providing waterproof characteristic to the skin:
Granulosum
Which skin layer is responsible for the ridge pattern on our fingertips?
Papillary layer(dermis)
Where is sebaceous gland located?
Dermis
What does sebaceous gland secrete?
Sebum
Know two types of sudoriferous gland.
Eccrine and apocrine
Where is eccrine (merocrine) sudoriferous gland found?
Everywhere in the body, most concentrated on palms of hands and soles of feet
Where is apocrine sudoriferous gland found?
Groin, anal region, axilla, areola, and bearded area on males
Functions of eccrine (merocrine) and apocrine glands
Merocrine- Secretes watery salty sweat, helps with thermoregulation
Apocrine- Secretes thicker milky fatty acids with sweat, source of sex hormones and body odor