LEARNING

Types of Learning

• learning styles: some people are holistic, visual, etc. learners

• synaptic pruning: as you learn information, you decrease the number of neuronal connections; this makes your brain more efficient

• associative: learning by pairing stimuli

  • classical conditioning:

  • operational conditioning:

• neutral stimuli (NS): stimulus that doesn’t cause a reflexive reaction

• unconditional stimuli:

• conditioned stimuli: changed neutral to conditioned

• unconditioned response :

• conditional response:

• acquisition: NS is paired with the UCS

• extinction: stops exhibiting conditioning

• spontaneous recovery: hearing it randomly and reacting to stimulus, after extinction happens and learning comes back randomly

• generalization: respond to a neutral stimulus as it is a conditioned stimulus

• discrimination: recognize stimulus has changed, stimulus that is similar to conditioned stimulus—doesn’t react to it

• little albert: well known study;

Other elements of CC

• taste aversion: if you get sick after eating a food, commonly next time you approach food you start to feel sick

  • biologic prepared: have adaptive fear of certain types of stimuli that we have learned to associate as dangerous

• higher order conditioning: conditioned stimulus of a pairing is going to now be treated as an unconditioned stimulus

• latent inhibition: it may take longer for learning to occur b/c they are familiar with a stimulus in a pervious context

• renewal effect: where learning and extinction happen in different environments but when you return to original environment where learning is happening, you see extinction occur

• Melanie is driving to work on a rainy highway when she notices that the brake lights of all the cars just ahead of her have come on. she hits her brakes but watches in horror as her car glides into four cars pileup. Shes badly shaken by the accident. a month later she’s driving in the rain again and she notices she tenses up every time she sees brake lights come on ahead of her.

  • UCS: car accident

  • UCR: shaken up after accident

  • CS: brake lights

  • CR: tensing up

Mechanics of operant conditioning: consequences of your behavior

• thorndikes law of effect: behavior that leads to a positive consequence will be repeated

• reinforcement: when you are trying to increase a behavior, leads to an increase in behavior

• punishment: decreasing behavior

• positive: reinforcing by adding something to the situation—ex: giving dog treat when teaching to sit

• negative: reinforcing by taking something away

Schedules of reinforcement: how often and why are you punishing/reinforcing

• stimulus: what is it that you are looking for in order to reward or punish, and how much is needed to receive it

  • ratio: how many times

  • interval: look at the time, reward for how long it took to react to stimulus for the first time

• amount

  • fixed: stays consistent throughout

  • variable: reward by how much

• Skinners OC:

Other elements of OC

• partial reinforcement: not going to reward every behavior, but reward SOME periodically

• context reinforcement: reinforce behavior in some context but not all context

• primary reinforcer:

• secondary reinforcer: something an organism has to learn is good, not fulfilling a need

• premack principle: preferred activity can be used to reinforce in comparison to a less preferred activity

• shaping: breaking down a complex behavior by doing it in multiple steps

• token economies: earning tokens where u can turn in for a larger reward—ex: elementary school

• acquisition: rewarding when done an action

• extinction:

• spontaneous recovery:

• generalization:

• discrimination:

Differences between CC and OC

• behavior base: automatic and reflexive kinds of action

• consequence:

  • CC- UCS and UCR

  • OC- based on behavior and how u decide to reinforce or punish

• culture:

  • OC- can’t see variability especially while looking at secondary

  • CC-

Other elements of conditioning

• deconditioning: unlearning the associations that you have previously learned

• evaluative conditioning: trying to change the way people emotionally feel about a stimulus through associations

• generalization gradient: the more similar 2 stimuli seem to an organism, the more likely they are to generalize

• SOR: Stimuli Organism Response- the way that an organism interprets a stimuli, is going to lead to their response

• insitinvtice drift: something that can interfere with conditioning

• Latent learning: learning that happens without the reinforcing of overt behavior;

Alex bites her nails. she decides that every week she doesn’t bite her nails, she will buy herself some new nail polish

• operant

• punishment

• positive

• fixed

• interval

  • =positive punishment on a fixed interval

Types of Learning

• nonassociative:

  • habituation: learn to stop responding to a stimulus that is no longer relevant or a threat

  • sensitization: increase responding to a stimulus either b/c it is brought more to your attention or because you feel like it is a threat

• observational

  • modeling: teacher who is demonstrating a behavior for a learner to learn

  • imitation: the learner is learning from a teacher but there is not intent behind the teachers’ actions

  • restriction of behavior: learn what not to do by watching others

  • diffusion chains: where an expert is going to teach a novice, and that novice is then going to teach an expert; chain of learning happening during a period

    • info to novice, novice then becomes an expert, then teaches to novice, then that novice becomes an expert, and so on

  • implicit learning: learning that happens largely unconsciously, can be considered imitation

4 Requirements

• attention:

• retention: have to be able to retain information to learn

• reproduction: have to be able to reproduce what you learned

• motivation: have to have motivation to use/show what you learned

Bobo Doll: