Rh Isoimmunization Flashcards

RH Isoimmunization (Rhesus Disease)

Rh isoimmunization occurs when an Rh-negative mother is exposed to an Rh-positive fetus.
The mother's immune system recognizes the Rh-positive fetal blood cells as foreign and develops antibodies against them.
These antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the baby's red blood cells (RBCs), potentially leading to hemolytic disease and fetal anemia.

Rh incompatibility arises when an Rh-negative mother carries an Rh-positive baby.
The mother's immune system views the baby as a "foreign body" due to the Rh-positive factor.
Rh incompatibility primarily affects the fetus, not the mother.

Rh incompatibility rarely causes complications during the first pregnancy with an Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive fetus.
During the first pregnancy, fetal blood may not mix with the mother's blood, so her body may not produce antibodies against the Rh factor.
Blood mixing is most likely to occur during vaginal deliveries, and less likely during C-sections unless the placenta is damaged.
Delivery can cause mixing of blood, leading to the mother developing antibodies against the Rh factor.
In subsequent pregnancies with an Rh-positive fetus, these antibodies can cross the placenta and attack the fetal RBCs, potentially causing Rh disease.

Hemolytic Anemia: Destruction of fetal red blood cells.
Jaundice (Kernicterus):
- Increased bilirubin levels in the fetus (\uparrow \text{bilirubin}).
- Can lead to fetal brain damage.
Enlarged Spleen: The spleen enlarges as it works to remove damaged red blood cells.
Hydrops Fetalis:
- Accumulation of fluid in the baby's body.
Stillbirth

Rh Immunoglobulin (Rho-Gam):
- Administered at 28 weeks of pregnancy.
- Another injection is given within 72 hours after delivery to prevent sensitization.
Intrauterine Blood Transfusion: Transfusing the fetus with Rh-negative blood to combat anemia.
Close Maternal-Fetal Monitoring: Regular monitoring of both mother and fetus throughout the pregnancy.