Heimler APWH Notes 2

Developments in East Asia 

  • China is the biggest deal 

  • TANG DYNASTY 

    • Brought back confucianism (Neo-Confucianism)

  • Revival of confucianism demonstrates a historical continuity between ancient china and the song period, but also it illustrates innovation

  • SONG DYNASTY 

    • Used confucianism to stay in charge 

    • Confucianism

      • Obey superiors, harmony comes if everyone does what their told 

    • Women

      • Subordinate role 

      • Laws restricting freedom and independence 

      • Foot Binding - sign of obedience 

    • Imperial Bureaucracy 

      • Governmental people who do what the emperor wants 

      • Civil Service Examination 

        • Jobs based on merit, increased efficiency of empire 

        • Test highly confusionist 

    • Korea had tributary relationship with China, had to pay tribute, adopted lots of chinese things 

    • Japanese also got stuff from China but did so as they pleased. Took bureaucracy writing buddhism and other stuff

    • Vietnam, also tributary, got confucianism, buddhism writing and civil service exams. Better women roles 

    • Buddhism 

      • Originated in south asia but spread 

      • Four noble truths: Life is suffering, we suffer cuz we crave, we don't suffer when we don't crave, follow the eightfold path

      • Theravada - mostly monks, selective 

      • Mahayana Buddhism - open to all 

      • Tibetan Buddhism - emphasized on chanting, more mystical

    • Economy is doing great 

      • Commercialized economy(sold excess goods) Used paper money and checks 

      • Iron and steel production, very important 

      • Agriculture innovation, champa rice, new tech

      • Transportation: expanded grand canal, Magnetic compass, junk boats

Dar Al Islam 

  • Three major religions 

  • 1. Judaism 

    • Monotheistic 

    • Birthed Islam and Christianity 

  • 2.  Christianity 

    • Jesus claimed to be the guy they were waiting for

    • Born from Judaism  

    • Did not encourage trade unlike Islam 

  • 3.  Islam 

    • Muhammed claimed to be the final prophet

    • Encouraged stuff like fasting and prayer 

    • Spread a lot, deeply affected areas it was 

    • Encouraged trade, made islamic states prosperous 

  • Abbasid Caliphate

    • Ethnically arab 

    • Were in power during the golden age, math and stuff 

    • Originally islamic, founded 700

    • New empires rose after it fell, the new empires are Turks, not arabs 

  • Seljuk empire

    • Pastoral people brought in by Abbasids to be military

    • Slowly took more and more power then created their own empire

  • Mamluk Empire 

    • In egypt

    •  Saladin enslaved warriors and once he dies the slaves revolted and made the Mamluk Empire 

  • Delhi Sultanate 

    • Invading turks 

    • Ruled in india 

  • As the Arab Muslim Empires, like the Abbasid, declined, new Muslim empires made up of Turkic peoples were on the rise

  • The new states had militaries in charge, kept laws 

  • Islam spread in three ways

    • Military expansion

      • Delhi sultanate 

    • Merchant Activity 

      • Lots of trade throughout the middle east and Africa, being islamic means you have access to more trade 

    • Muslim Missionaries 

      • Sufi’s, Sufism - mystical

        • Islam experience for everyone, many adopted 

  • Innovations 

    • Big mathematic expansion 

      • Nasir Al-Din Al-Tusi - invented trigonometry and stuff with stars and planets 

    • House of Wisdom

      • Big library in baghdad

      • Translated a bunch of greek and roman stuff 

      • People came and studied human sciences and religions 

      • Base of renaissance 

South and Southeast Asia 


  • Belief Systems 

    • Hinduism 

      • Dominant religion in India

      • Polytheistic, trying to reunite with all provocative soul, takes many lifetimes to achieve

      • Made a unified india with the Caste System  

      • Bhakti movement - rejected hierarchy 

    • Islam 

      • Delhi sultanate took over india and enforced Islam sorta 

      • Sufism - More mystical and open to all 

      • Rajput kingdoms resisted islam 

    • Buddhism 

      • Founded in India, similar to Hinduism 

      • Equality for all, universalized religion 

      • Not much effect on local culture, easier to spread 

  • Southeast Asia buddhist or hindu 

  • Religion was mixed and complicated in southeast asia, buddhism and hinduism 

  • Sea based or land based depends on where they get their power

Americas 


  • Maya 

    • Writing system math and architecture 

    • Decentralized city states, wanted tributary systems ]

    • Human Sacrifice!! 

  • Aztecs 

    • Started with semi nomads who consolidated and made an empire

    • Made massive tributary empire, based on Maya, decentralized 

    • Human Sacrifice!! 

    • Legitimacy from ancient people (common worldwide theme)

    • Tenochtitlan - massive capital, rich

  • Inca

    • Like aztecs, outsiders with military power, took over wari 

    • Highly centra;lized, bureaucracy, 

    • Mit’a system - tributary system, labor as payment, roads bridges mining etc

  • Mississippian 

    • Farming!!

    • Hierarchical society 

    • Made the mounds 

  • Mesa Verde and others 

    • Dry area, no farms 

    • Stone houses, houses in cliffs 

Africa 

  • Swahili

    • Independent city states, indian ocean trade, lots of trade of ivory gold and slaves 

    • Islam bc exposure to muslim merchants 

    • Each city had its own king, competitive, hierarchical class

  • Great ZImbabwe 

    • Furthur in but still lots of trade, gold and cattle 

    • Made a big city

  • Other ones 

    • Husa Kingdoms 

      • Like the swahili, trade, islam 

    • Ethiopia 

      • Christian, big churches

      • Trade, mediterranean and indian ocean, salt 

      • King, Hierarchy 

Europe 


  • Christianity 

  • Byzantine empire survived and kept christianity alive 

    • Roman Catholic Christianity is big 

    • Ottoman Empire conquers constantinople (istanbul) and byzantine falls 

  • Eastern Orthodox Christianity kept alive by Keivan Rues, copied a lot of Byzantine \

    • Popes and bishops and stuff 

  • Crusades 

    • Europe made mad and go attack islamic states, doesn't go well 

  • Political Centralization in the West 

    • Previously no large empires in Europe 

    • Feudalism - Lords own land and peasants work in exchange for protection

    • Monarchs began to centralize power, nobility loses power

    • Monarchs started competing 

UNIT 2


Silk Road 

  • Network of trade routes in Eurasia

    • Culture and ideas spread too 

    • Lots of silk 

  • Networks of Exchange like silk roads connected world 

  • New Money economies, china started - paper money 

  • Credit makes trade more versatile 

  • Banks created 

  • Caravanserai - places to rest by merchants and travelers on silk road, centers of cultural exchange 

  • Trading Cities 

    • Strategically located

  • New demand for goods like porcelain and silk demand ^ production ^ 

  • Proto-industrialization - make more than you need to sell

  • Cultural DIffusion

    • Ideas religions and culture spread, interconnected eurasia

Mongols 

  • Biggest empire ever 

  • Temujin - pastoral nomads, united them all, started conquering, became Chingis Khan/Ghangis Khan, took Russia China and much more 

  • His son took even more 

  • Military organization was revolutionary, better weaponry, reputation 

  • Pax Mongolica - peace under mongols 

  • Organized as Khanates, sections, sorta diversified\

  • Kublai Khan

    • Ruled china, assimilated 

    • Promoted Confucianism 

  • SIlk road thrived under mongols 

    • They made sure it was safe 

    • Better infrastructure and stuff 

  • More communication and cooperation across empire 

  • Uyghar Script - written language became universal 

  • Centralized leaders even after mongols 


Indian Ocean Trade Network 

  • Network of sea routes that connected people in afro-eurasia through trade 

  • Expanded a lot

    • Collapse of Mongols - meant silk roads aren't safe - switched to sea trade

    • Money economies made trade easier 

    • New sea tech making it much easier - magnetic compass, astrolabe, lateen sail, monsoon wind knowledge, better ships (chinese junks)

  • More bulk items traded 

  • Increased islam 

    • Meant more trade 

  • Growth of trading cities 

    • Swahili city States - well located, gold, ivory, slaves, islamic 

    • Malacca - indonesia, controlled strait of malacca 

    • Gujurat state in india, big coastline, traded a lot of cotton and silver

  • They taxed ships going through 

  • Diaspora - dispersed peoples maintaining culture, increased diffusion 

  • Religion Language and Tech spreads across afro-eurasia 

  • Zheng He

    • Chinese who had massive fleet

    • Traveled very far 

    • Boasted cool tech others copied 

Trans Saharan Trade Network 

  • Trade routes that connected North Africa and Mediterranean world with west africa and the rest of africa

  • Started expanding a lot 

    • Transportation tech like Camels and saddles  

    • Caravanserai 

  • Exported salt gold and others, each region had their own niche, encouraged trade 

  • Mali got very wealthy when they converted to islam, similar to Malacca 

  • Mansa Musa 

    • Very VERY rich 

Cultural Effects of Connectivity 

  • Cultural Diffusion 

    • Everyone is connected and so everything affects everyone 

    • Cultural Transfers - Buddhism spreads throughout 

      • Chan Buddhism 

      • Zen Buddhism 

      • Everyone takes their own spin on it 

  • Some in Africa convert to islam in order to be included in trade 

  • Literary and Artistic Transfers - Baghdad House of Wisdom

  • Scientific and Tech transfers 

    • Gunpower adopted everywhere, first islam then EU

  • Trading cities more rich 

    • Samarkand and Kasghar - got very rich 

  • Some cities declined 

    • Baghdad got conquered ended Abbasid Empire 

  • Ibn Battuda did a lot of exploring and told others about places he went to 

  • Marco Pollo went to china and told about it to europeans 

Environmental Effects 

  • Agriculture 

    • People spread crops around

    • Bananas introduced to africa, pop growth

    • Champa Rice in china, lots of pop growth 

    • Citrus fruits into europe, better eu health 

  • Disease 

    • Bubonic Plague/Black Plague 

      • Trade routes mean disease like black plague spread everywhere 

      • Killed ⅓ - ½ of population in places