History American People Unit 3 Notes

Washington Retires

  • 1796: Presidential Election

  • Washington decided not to run for a third term

  • Precedent for presidents, two terms only

    • Holds till FDR with four terms

  • 22nd Amendment (1951): Limits presidents to two terms

  • Farewell Address: Beware

    • Sectionalism

    • Parties

    • Permanent alliances (Isolationism)

Election of 1796

  • John Adams (Federalist) vs. Thomas Jefferson (Democratic Republican)

  • Neither candidate campaigns

  • Balanced ticket (N&S)

  • Adams wins, Jefferson VP

    • Two different parties

    • 12th Amendment (1804)

  • Adams & Jefferson falling out

Problems Aboard

  • The French say Jay Treaty violates the Franco-American alliance

    • Kept the peace between America and England

  • 1798: The French seize American ships with British goods

  • Adams sends envoys to France

    • Adam sends 3 diplomats to attempt to keep the peace

  • Expect to meet the foreign minister, Talleyrand

  • French low-level officials demand $250,000 bribe & $10 million loan

  • Congress authorizes 10,000 troops, and the Department of the Navy

  • Calls for war

  • Adams promises not to send ambassadors

  • Two-year Quasi-War with France

  • War was never declared, but casualties

  • Not seeking war, Adams turns attention to enemies at home

Enemies at home [on 3rd unit exercise]

  • French immigrants - 25,000

  • Alien Acts 1798

    • Increased residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years

    • Authorized the president to expel
      dangerous” foreigners

  • Sedition Act: Illegal to write “false, scandalous, and malicious” critiques of Government officials

    • Violation of the 1st amendment

    • War measure?

    • Greatest mistake of the presidency

Resistance to Acts [on 3rd unit exercise]

  • The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

    • Written by Jefferson and Madison

  • States had “natural right” to nullify federal laws considered unconstitutional

    • Dangerous

  • No other states follow suit

  • Theory of Nullification

  • Southern arguments for states’ rights that will come up in the 1830s

Peace

  • Quasi-War hurts France

  • Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows French “Directory” government

  • Oct. 1800 peace with France

  • Adams believes peace with his life’s greatest achievement

  • Federlists dislike this

    • Many citizens wanted war

    • Hurts federalists in the next election

Prosser’s Insurrection

  • Gabriel Prosser: Literate Virginia slave

  • Influenced by the Haitian Revolution

  • Planned to attack Richmond with between 1,000-4,000 slaves

  • Plans leaked, and the militia prepares

  • Bad storms postpone the attack

  • Prosser captured

  • He and 25 slaves were hanged

  • Virginia toughens Slave Codes

Election of 1800

  • Federalists Divided

    • Pro-Adams v. Pro-Hamilton

    • Lack of party discipline

  • Lots of mudslinging

    • Adams: “hideous hermaphroditical character.”

    • Jefferson: Atheist and Sally Hemings Affair

  • Balanced Ticket

  • N. or S. VP Candidate

Electoral College Tie

  • Jefferson defeats Adams 73 to 65, but ties his running mate, Aaron Burr

  • Burr does not step aside

  • Lame duck Congress to decide between two Republicans

  • The House votes 35 times

  • Hamilton dislikes Jefferson; he hates Burr

  • Burr and Hamilton feud

  • This rivalry culminates in the infamous duel that ends with Hamilton's death, significantly impacting the political landscape and personal relationships among key figures of the time. Duel in 1804, the only VP to kill a man in office

Revolution of 1800

  • Peaceful transfer of power

    • Rare even today

  • Jefferson’s Inaugural Address

    • “We are all republicans; we are all federalists.”

  • Absorb the Federalists into the Jeffersonian Republicans

  • No concept of the opposition party

Jeffersonian America

President Jefferson [on exercise]

  • Less pretentious

  • Kept Hamiltonian System

  • Pardoned “10 Martyrs” imprisoned under the sedition act

  • Decreased naturalization time

  • Repealed some taxes and reduced debt

    • $80 million to $57 million

  • Reduced the standing army, kept the navy

  • 12th Amendment (1804): Electors specify that they vote for President or Vice President

The Judiciary [on exercise]

  • Judiciary bastion of Federalism, but weak

  • Judiciary Act of 1801: Creates 16 new judgeships

    • Adams signs commissions of “midnight judges”

  • John Marshall was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

    • Perhaps the greatest Chief of Justice in history

  • Jeffersonians decry “Court Packing” repeal law

Battle in the court

  • Marbury v. Madison (1803): Secretary of State Madison was sued by a judge

  • The case thrown out over a technicality creates a larger precedent

  • Judicial Review

    • The Supreme Court may declare a law passed by Congress unconstitutional

    • The power of the Court was greatly enhanced

    • Impeachment of Samuel Chase

      • Jefferson fails to impeach a justice, affirms the separation of powers

War in North Africa

  • U.S. ships plundered by Barbary Pirates

  • Tripolitan War: War between the U.S. and Pasha of Tripoli

  • A small detachment of ships and “Marines” led by Stephen Decatur sent

    • Four-year war

    • Expenditions sent till war of 1812

  • “Mosquito Fleet” of gunboats commissioned by Jefferson

The purchase [on exercise]

  • Napoleon gained control of the Louisiana region in 1800

    • Military threat?

    • Robert Livingston was sent to buy New Orleans for $10 million

  • The Haitian Revolution frustrates Napoleon’s ambition

  • Louisiana Purchase (1803) for $15 million

    • Unconstitutional?

    • National Intrest

    • Land-hungry Americans

Exploring the territory

  • U.S. doubles in size

    • Access to Mississippi and the Gulf of Mexico

  • Meriwether Lewis and William Clark (1804-1806): Corps of Discovery, 7,600-mile route

    • Catalouge species, tribes, and plants

  • Sacajawea, a Shoshoni scout and translator, was vital to mission success

  • John Jacob Astor: American Fur Company

  • Zebulon M. Pike (1805-1807): Explores Colorado to New Mexico

Election of 1804

  • Jefferson v. Pinckney

  • Landslide victory for Jefferson

  • Jeffersonian Republican majorities in Congress

  • Federalism wanes

Secession Plots

  • Essex Junto (1804): Federalist extremists want Northern Confederation

    • Hamilton against it

    • Aaron Burr runs for NY Governor

    • Hamilton exposes the plot

  • Hamilton v. Burr Duel (1804)

  • Burr Conspiracy (1806): Attempt to separate part of the Louisiana territory

    • James Wilkinson

Napoleonic Wars

  • U.S. shipping harassed and seized

    • Berlin Decree (1806) and Milan Decree (1807)

    • “Order in Council”

  • Impressment continues

    • 6,000 Americans impressed (1808-1812)

  • Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

    • British vs. U.S. frigates

    • Histile domestic reaction

    • U.K. apologizes

The Embargo

  • Embargo Act (1807): Forbade the export of all goods from the U.S.

  • Disaster for the economy

  • New England firmly opposed

  • John Quincy Adams only Federalist in favor

  • Harsh enforcement

  • “O-Grab-Me” cartoon

  • Non-Intercourse Act (1809): Repeals Embargo

Consequences

  • Embargo failure

    • Overestimate British dependence

    • Not in effect long enough

    • Worsen European conflict

    • American smuggling

    • Embargo success

      • Self-sufficiency?

      • Factories reopened

      • Contributes to industrialization

The market, Transportation, and Communication revolution

Life Before

  • Semisubsistence farmers 

    • Harvest livestock to support yourself, then sell the excess for money for clothes, tools, etc.

  • Barter system

  • Putting out system

    • Women are given a product to make a good them to make a profit

  • Master Artisans

    • Skilled worker

    • Owns their own shop

  •  Apprentices

    • Work side by side with journeymen to refine their craft and gain practical experience.

  • Journeymen

    • Journey around to learn from other master artisans 

Problems

  • Poor infrastructure

    • Easier to trade on a ship rather than on a road, which limited economic connectivity and increased the cost of transportation.

  • Expensive and slow to travel/ship inland

    • High tariffs imposed by some states hindered interstate commerce, further complicating trade and business operations.

  • Hampers the prosecution of the War of 1812

    • These challenges ultimately hampered the ability of states to efficiently move goods and resources, resulting in significant logistical difficulties during the War of 1812.

  • Isolation dampens “Nationalism”

  • States’ rights

  • East opposes exodus

Cotton Economy

  • Elli Whitney’s Cotton Gin (1794)

    • Economic Independence: The cotton economy fuels the demand for slave labor, leading to increased tensions between northern and southern states over issues of slavery and state autonomy.

  • “King cotton”

    • The center of their economy, politics, and slavery 

  • Interchangeable parts

    • Everything is standardized, allowing for mass production and efficiency in manufacturing, which played a crucial role in the industrialization of the United States.

  • Market revolution 

    •        

What is a market economy?

  1. CREATION OF A NATIONAL MARKET WITH TENDENCY TO

COORDINATE OVER LONG DISTANCES IN TERMS OF

PRODUCTION, DISTRIBUTION, AND CONSUMPTION

  1. THE INCREASE IN CONCENTRATIONS OF ECONOMIC

ACTIVITIES

  1. INCREASE IN MOBILITY OF CAPITAL TIES INTO THE

TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION, YOUR GOODS HAVE TO

MOVE.

  1. INNOVATIONS IN GOVERNMENT AND LEGAL SYSTEMS AND

POLITICAL CONFLICT BETWEEN MARKET ORIENTED MARKET

RESISTANT GROUPS

• WHEN DID IT BEGIN?