Identifying Anions

Chloride Cl (-)

Method 1: Add dilute nitric acid. Add aq silver nitrate.

Observation: White precipitate, insoluble in acid

Method 2: Add aq lead(II) nitrate. Add dilute nitric acid.

Observation: White precipitate, insoluble in acid

Iodide I(-)

Method 1: Add dilute nitric acid, add aq silver nitrate.

Observation: Yellow precipitate, insoluble in acid

Method 2: Add aq lead(II) nitrate. Add dilute nitric acid.

Observation: Yellow precipitate, insoluble in acid

Sulfate SO4 (2-)

Add dilute HCl, add aq barium chloride

OR

Add dilute nitric acid, add aq barium nitrate

Observation: White precipitate, insoluble in acid

Nitrate NO3(-)

Method 1: Add aluminium powder, add excess aq NaOH, and heat the mixture, Test gas evolved with (a)litmus paper, (b) concentrated HCl

Observation: (a) Gas turns red litmus paper blue (b) @@Gas forms dense white fumes with HCl@@

Method 2: Heat nitrate strongly in a test tube. Observe gases given out, and place a glowing splinter near the mouth of the test tube.

Observation: @@Red-brown gas given out, colourless gas rekindles (relight) glowing splint@@