sociology

absolute poverty THE ABSENCE OF ENOUGH MONEY TO SECURE LIFE’S BASIC NECESSITIES

absolute social mobility REFLECTS WHETHER (AND BY HOW MUCH) LIVING STANDARDS IN A SOCIETY IMPROVE

achievement gap PERSISTENT DIFFERENCE IN SCHOOL SUCCESS BETWEEN SOCIAL GROUPS

achieved status SOCIAL POSITION YOU EARN THROUGH MERIT OR ACTION

agency PEOPLE’S ABILITY TO ACT INDEPENDENTLY OF SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS

agents of social control PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS WHO ENFORCE NORMS

agents of socialization PEOPLE AND GROUPS THAT SHAPE OUR SOCIAL LEARNING. peers, school, religion, family.

alienation SEPARATION FROM ONE’S LABOR, PRODUCT, OR SELF

American dream CULTURAL IDEA THAT HARD WORK LEADS TO SUCCESS

Anomie A STATE OF NORMLESSNESS

applied research RESEARCH DESIGNED TO SOLVE PRACTICAL PROBLEMS

ascribed status SOCIAL POSITION YOU ARE BORN INTO OR ASSIGNED WITHOUT CHOICE

assimilation THE PROCESS BY WHICH MINORITY GROUPS ADOPT THE CULTURE OF THE DOMINANT GROUP

authority LEGITIMATE POWER

bias PREJUDICE THAT PLACES SOME GROUPS AT AN ADVANTAGE OVER OTHERS

bureaucracy FORMAL ORGANIZATION WITH RULES, HIERARCHY, AND SPECIALIZATION

capital ANY RESOURCE YOU CAN INVEST TO GET RETURNS

capitalism MARKET-BASED SYSTEM WHERE INDIVIDUALS OWN PRODUCTION

census A FULL COUNT OF A POPULATION

class consciousness AWARENESS OF ONE’S SOCIAL CLASS AND ITS INTERESTS

class conflict TENSION BETWEEN CLASSES OVER RESOURCES AND POWER

class system A STRATIFICATION SYSTEM BASED ON ECONOMIC POSITION

cohabitation UNMARRIED COUPLES LIVING TOGETHER

collective conscience SHARED NORMS AND BELIEFS THAT HOLD SOCIETY TOGETHER

collective effervescence SHARED ENERGY DURING GROUP EXPERIENCES

collective memory SHARED UNDERSTANDING OF THE PAST

colonialism ONE NATION CONTROLLING ANOTHER FOR RESOURCES OR TERRITORY

color-blind racism RACIAL INEQUALITY DISGUISED THROUGH RACE-NEUTRAL LANGUAGE

commodification TURNING GOODS OR SERVICES INTO MARKETABLE COMMODITIES

communism CLASSLESS SYSTEM WHERE THE COMMUNITY OWNS PRODUCTION

concerted cultivation PARENTING STYLE WITH HIGH STRUCTURE AND ENRICHMENT ACTIVITIES

conspicuous consumption BUYING TO SIGNAL STATUS

consumer culture IDENTITY CENTERED AROUND BUYING GOODS

control group THE GROUP THAT DOES NOT RECEIVE THE TREATMENT IN AN EXPERIMENT

counterculture CULTURAL GROUPS OPPOSED TO DOMINANT CULTURE

credentialism EMPLOYERS’ RELIANCE ON EDUCATIONAL CREDENTIALS

crime BEHAVIOR THAT VIOLATES THE LAW

cultural capital NON-FINANCIAL SOCIAL ASSETS (KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS, TASTES)

cultural diffusion SPREAD OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS BETWEEN SOCIETIES

cultural lag WHEN MATERIAL CULTURE CHANGES FASTER THAN NONMATERIAL CULTURE

cultural relativism EVALUATING CULTURES BY THEIR OWN STANDARDS

culture SHARED BELIEFS, VALUES, AND PRACTICES

culture industry MASS PRODUCTION OF CULTURE

discrimination UNEQUAL TREATMENT BASED ON SOCIAL CATEGORY

division of labor SPECIALIZATION OF TASKS

domestic labor UNPAID WORK DONE IN THE HOME

doing gender GENDER EXPRESSED THROUGH BEHAVIOR

economic capital FINANCIAL RESOURCES

elite PEOPLE WITH DISPROPORTIONATE POWER

ethnicity SHARED CULTURAL TRAITS

ethnocentrism JUDGING OTHER CULTURES BY ONE’S OWN

feminization of poverty HIGH RATES OF POVERTY AMONG WOMEN

gender SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY

gender identity ONE’S PERSONAL SENSE OF GENDER

gender role EXPECTATIONS ATTACHED TO GENDER

gentrification URBAN RENEWAL THAT DISPLACES POOR RESIDENTS

globalization INTEGRATION OF ECONOMIES AND CULTURES GLOBALLY

groupthink GROUP PRESSURE LEADING TO FAULTY DECISIONS

habitus DEEP-SEATED DISPOSITIONS SHAPED BY SOCIAL EXPERIENCE

hegemony DOMINATION THROUGH CULTURAL CONSENT

immigration MOVEMENT INTO A COUNTRY

incarceration IMPRISONMENT

income MONEY RECEIVED REGULARLY

inequality UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES

institution ESTABLISHED, ENDURING SYSTEMS OF SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

intersectionality INTERLOCKING SYSTEMS OF OPPRESSION

labeling theory DEVIANCE RESULTS FROM SOCIETAL LABELS

legitimacy BELIEF THAT AUTHORITY IS RIGHTFUL

mass incarceration EXTREMELY HIGH RATES OF IMPRISONMENT

material culture PHYSICAL OBJECTS CREATED BY A SOCIETY

migration MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE ACROSS AREAS

modernization TRANSITION TO INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY

moral panic EXAGGERATED FEAR OF SOCIAL THREATS

norms SOCIAL RULES FOR BEHAVIOR

opportunity structure SOCIALALLY SHAPED ACCESS TO OPPORTUNITY

pluralism MULTIPLE GROUPS COEXISTING PEACEFULLY

population ALL PEOPLE IN A DEFINED GROUP

poverty INSUFFICIENT RESOURCES TO MEET BASIC NEEDS

prejudice bias feelings or attitudes ABOUT A GROUP

race SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED CATEGORIES BASED ON PERCEIVED PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES

racialization ASSIGNING RACIAL MEANING TO A GROUP

racism BELIEF AND PRACTICES THAT PRODUCE RACIAL INEQUALITY

role conflict COMPETING DEMANDS OF DIFFERENT ROLES

role strain CONFLICT WITHIN A SINGLE ROLE

segregation SEPARATION OF GROUPS IN DAILY LIFE

sex BIOLOGICAL CATEGORIES OF MALE/FEMALE

sexual orientation WHO YOU’RE SEXUALLY ATTRACTED TO

social capital RESOURCES AVAILABLE THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS

social change SHIFTS IN IDEAS, INTERACTIONS, AND INSTITUTIONS

social closure GROUPS PRESERVING OPPORTUNITIES FOR THEMSELVES

social construct SHARED INTERPRETATION OF REALITY

social construction PROCESS OF ASSIGNING MEANING TO OBJECTS/IDEAS

social disorganization theory DEVIANCE IS MORE COMMON IN DYSFUNCTIONAL NEIGHBORHOODS

social facts EXTERNAL SOCIAL FORCES WITH POWER OVER INDIVIDUALS

social identity CATEGORIES WE PLACE OURSELVES/OTHERS INTO

social inequality UNEQUAL ACCESS TO POWER, WEALTH, AND PRESTIGE

social institution ENDURING PATTERNS OF SOCIAL INTERACTION

socialization LIFELONG PROCESS OF LEARNING CULTURE

stereotype OVERSIMPLIFIED BELIEF ABOUT A GROUP

stratification PERSISTENT SOCIAL HIERARCHY

structural violence INSTITUTIONAL HARM

symbolic interactionism THEORY FOCUSING ON SOCIAL MEANING AND INTERACTION

values BELIEFS ABOUT WHAT IS RIGHT AND WRONG

xenophobia PREJUDICE AGAINST PEOPLE SEEN AS FOREIGN