The Discipline of Psychology

Psychology root words - psyche (mind) and logos (the objective study of)

Hub science - an influential science (as by Boyack)

Seven - Number of hub sciences

1.2-1.8 million - # of undergraduates in the US enrolled in introductory psychology

30% - % of high school graduates who have completed a psychology course

21-24% - % of world's psychologists in the US

80% - % of world's psychologists in the US during the 1980s

1870s - when psychology dates back to

6000 to 5000 BCE Assyria - earliest examples of dream descriptions

Being chased, trying again and again, arriving too late - most common dreams

Psychology roots - philosophy and natural sciences

Aristotle - all knowledge is gained through sensory experience

Empiricism - 17th century British philosophical school

Hermann von Helmholtz - touch reaction time

Gustav Fechner - how soft one can hear, involved "mental processes"

More than 50% or chance - Gustav Fechner statistical significance

Wilhelm Wundt - assistant to von Helmholtz; first psychologist and psychology experimenter

Wilhelm Wundt experiment - hearing reaction time

Edward Titchener -- Wundt's student; established structuralism

Gestalt psychology - Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler

Functionalism proponent- William James

Principles of Psychology - William James's 50-year dominant psychology textbook

Stream of consciousness - flow of ideas people experience when awake; coined by William James

Mary Whiton Calkins - student under William James at Harvard University; studied memory and self; president of APA 1905

Functionalism fate - absorbed into mainstream psychology

Psychological disorders over course of history - disorders are from evil spirits or magical forces

Sigmund Freud ideas - unconscious mind, development of sexuality, dream analysis, psych roots of abnormal behavior

Psychoanalysis - dominant in early 20th century

Francis Cecil Sumner - first African American to receive a doctor; focused on psychoanalysis then religion and racism

Humanistic psychology - "third force," society corrupts

Freud good vs. evil beliefs - human behavior on continuum with animal behavior; society civilizes

Humanistic psychology influences - Jean-Jacques Rosseau and other 18th-century Romantic philosophers (people are innately good)

Abraham Maslow - what makes a person good; positive psychology

Carl Rogers - client-centered therapy

Client-centered therapy - clients instead of patients; active listening; unconditional love (parents)

Behaviorism time period - early 1900s - 1960s

Structuralism fate - fallen out of favor

Behaviorists' experiments - animal research; learning

Abraham Maslow contributions - theory of motivation; ideas about exceptional people

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov - studying digestion, discovers classical conditioning

John B. Watson - rat learning, independently discovers classical conditioning

John B. Watson career - smoking advertising; 70k year ad exec in 1930 vs 3k professor

John B. Watson psychological legacy - psychology restricted to study of observable behavior

Edward Thorndike - law of effect; cat puzzle box behaviors

Law of effect - behaviors with positive effects repeated more and vice versa

B. F. Skinner - Inner states follow same rules as outer states; skinner boxes; generalizes animal behaviors

B. F. Skinner behaviorism applications - smoking quitting, self-paced education continuing - ASD treatment

Ulric Neisser0 1967 book Cognitive Psychology

Alan Newell and Herbert Simon - AI

1980s - most universities offer courses in cognition

1990s - cognitive neuroscience because collab between bio and cognitive psychologists

Black box model - used by strict behaviorists; data enters and responses exit but you don't need to know what brain/box is doing

Jean Piaget 1928 - Judgement and Reasoning in the Child

1921 - First Gestalt journal published in Germany

James McKeen Cattell at UPenn and Columbia - first psychology professor; student of Wilhelm Wundt

Wilhelm Wundt at university of Lezpig, Germany - first psychology laboratory

G. Stanley Hall, Johns Hopkins - student of Wundt; first American psychology laboratory

Joseph Jastrow (Hall's student) - First Doctorate of psychology, Johns Hopkins

Lightner Witmer - opens first psychology clinic

Big theory vs. perspectives - needs a lot of experimental data vs. focuses specifically

Cross-cutting themes - ethics, application, variations in human functioning, cultural and social diversity

24% of doctoral-level psychologists - % teach and/or conduct university research

45% of doctoral-level psychologists - % work as therapists

1-2 years - years added to bachelor's to get a master's

2-5 years - years added to master's degree to get doctoral degree

1 year - year added for those preparing to be a clinical psychiatrist